Sains Malaysiana 33(1): 109-127 (2004)                                                                                      Sains Hayat/

Life Sciences

Kepekatan Urin Fluorida dan Fluorosis Gigi di Kalangan

Pelajar Sekolah Menengah, Pahang Darul Makmur

(Concentration of urine gluorida and incidence of dental fluorosis among

pupils at Sekolah Menengah, Pahang, Darul Makmur)

Mohamad Azhar Mohd Noor, Zailina Hashim,

Shamsul Bahari Shamsudin, Heryati Abdul Hamid

Unit Kesihatan Persekitaran dan Pekerjaan

Fakulti Perubatan dan Sains Kesihatan

Universiti Putra Malaysia

43400 Serdang, Selangor D.E., Malaysia

Dasrilsyah Syahrial

Klinik Pergigian, Pusat Kesihatan Pelajar

Universiti Putra Malaysia

43400 Serdang, Selangor D.E., Malaysia

ABSTRAK

Kajian ini mengkaji prevalen fluorosis gigi dan kepekatan urin fluorida di kalangan pelajar sekolah. Seramai 84 orang pelajar Melayu yang berumur di antara 16 dan 17 tahun dari sebuah Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan di dalam daerah Kuala Lipis, Pahang, telah dipilih sebagai responden. Pemilihan kumpulan responden adalah berdasarkan kepada pendedahan terhadap fluorida melalui sistem bekalan air. Seramai 52 orang pelajar yang tinggal di kawasan yang mendapat bekalan air berfluorida manakala 32 orang responden lagi tinggal di kawasan yang tidak mendapat bekalan air berfluorida (kumpulan perbandingan) telah dipilih menjadi sampel kajian. Objektif kajian ialah untuk mengenalpasti hubungan di antara kepekatan urin fluorida dengan fluorosis gigi dan membandingkan angkubah-angkubah ini di antara 2 kumpulan responden. Kepekatan urin fluorida diukur menggunakan elektrod khusus ion fluorida. Fluorosis gigi dikenalpasti melalui pemeriksaan fizikal gigi menggunakan Indeks Permukaan Gigi Untuk Fluorosis (TSIF). Hasil kajian menunjukkan tidak ada perbezaan yang signifikan di antara kepekatan urin fluorida (mg/L) (t=0.186, p=0.853), kepekatan urin fluorida (mg/g kreatinin) (t=0.069, p=0.945) dan fluorosis gigi (skor TSIF) (t=0.288, p=0.774) di antara 2 kumpulan responden. Terdapat korelasi positif yang signifikan di antara kepekatan urin jluorida (mg/L) (r=0.425, p<0.00l), kepekatan urin fluorida (mg/g kreatinin ) (r=0.252, p=0.021) dengan flourosis gigi (skor TSIF). Ujian regresi berganda menunjukkan flourosis gigi (skor TSIF) mempunyai hubungan signifikan dengan kepekatan urin fluorida (b=0.0.61, p=0.028) dan bilangan gelas minuman kegemaran diminum sehari (b=0.071, p=0.003). Sebagai rumusan, kepekatan urin fluorida yang mewakili kadar pendedahan responden terhadap fluorida mempunyai hubungan yang signifikan dengan fluorosis gigi yang merupakan indikator biologi kepada sejarah pendedahan tinggi terhadap fluorida. Kadar dan kesan pendedahan tinggi terhadap fluorida juga didapati tidak banyak berbeza di antara responden meskipun menerima bekalan air dari sistem bekalan air yang berbeza. Ini bermakna, responden tidak hanya terdedah kepada fluorida melalui bekalan air minum yang dibekalkan oleh pihak berkuasa tetapi juga terdedah kepada faktor yang lain iaitu pengambilan air minuman seperti air berkarbonat dan jus buah-buahan.

ABSTRACT

This is a study of the incidence of dental fluorosis and the urine fluoride concentration among school children. About 84 Malay students with the age range of 16 to 17 years from a National Secondary School in the district of Kuala Lipis, Pahang was selected as respondents. The selection was based on the exposure to fluoride in drinking water supply systems. Fifty two respondents were selected from the fluoridated water supply area while 32 others were selected from the non-fluoridated area (comparative group). The objectives of this study were to determine the relationship between urine fluoride concentrations with the incidence of dental fluorosis and to compare the difference in these two variables between the 2 groups of respondents. The urine fluoride concentration was determined using a fluoride-ion specific electrode. Dental fluorosis was examined through a physical examination using the Tooth Surface Index of Fluorosis (TSIF). There was no significant difference in the mean urine fluoride concentration (mg/L) (t=0.186, p=0.853), mean urine fluoride concentration (mg/g creatinine) (t=0.069, p=0.945) and dental fluorisis (TSIF mean score) (t=0.288, p=0.774) between the two groups. There was a significant direct correlation between the urine fluoride concentrations (mg/L) (r= 0.425, p<0.00l) and the urine fluoride concentra­tions (mg/g creatinine) (r=0.252, p=0.021) with dental fluorisis (TSIF mean score). Multiple regression statistics, indicated that dental fluorosis was significantly related to urine fluoride concentrations (b=0.0.61, p=0.028) and the number of glass of their favourite drink consumed daily (b=0.071, p=0.003). In conclusion, the urine fluoride concentrations, which represent the degree of exposure to fluoride, were found to be related to dental fluorosis, which is the biological indicator for excessive exposure to fluoride. There is no difference on the degree and the effects of exposure to fluoride between the two groups of respondents although they consumed water from two different water supply systems. Thus, the exposure to fluoride is not only through the drinking water supply, but also by other sources such as the intake of carbonated drinks and fruit juice.

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