Sains Malaysiana 39(6)(2010): 883–889

Kepekatan Logam di Tasik Bukit Merah, Perak

(Metal Concentrations in Bukit Merah Lake, Perak)

M. Shuhaimi-Othman*, A.K. Ahmad & G. Norziana

Pusat Pengajian Sains Sekitaran dan Sumber Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

Received: 23 November 2009 / Accepted: 15 May 2010

ABSTRAK

Kajian kepekatan logam dalam air di Tasik Bukit Merah telah dijalankan pada April 2009. Lima belas stesen persampelan telah dipilih dan sampel air permukaan bagi penentuan logam telah diambil. Beberapa parameter kualiti air seperti suhu, konduktiviti, oksigen terlarut, pH dan keliatan air telah ditentukan di setiap stesen. Sebanyak 11 jenis logam iaitu kadmium, zink, plumbum, kuprum, nikel, ferum, kobalt, aluminium, barium, kromium dan mangan (Mn) telah ditentukan dalam sampel air. Keputusan menunjukkan kepekatan semua logam kajian berada di bawah kepekatan maksimum yang dicadangkan oleh piawaian Malaysia dan antarabangsa bagi melindungi hidupan akuatik kecuali bagi logam Fe dan Al. Bagi parameter kualiti air, kajian menunjukkan semua parameter berada dalam julat kepekatan semula jadi (kelas I) berdasarkan Piawaian Kualiti Air Kebangsaan (NWQS Malaysia) kecuali oksigen terlarut dan pH di beberapa stesen persampelan terutama di bahagian timur tasik yang didapati dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor semula jadi dan antropogenik.

Kata kunci: Air tawar; kualiti air; logam; Malaysia; tasik

ABSTRACT

Study on metal concentrations in water of Bukit Merah Lake was conducted in April 2009. Fifteen sampling stations were chosen and surface water samples for metals determination were collected. Some water quality parameters such as temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, pH, and water hardness were determined at each station. Eleven metals i.e. cadmium, zinc, lead, copper, nickel, ion, cobalt, aluminium, barium, cromium dan manganese were determined in water samples. Results show that in general metals concentration were lower than maximum concentrations allowed by Malaysian and international standards in protecting aquatic life except for Fe and Al. For water quality parameters, study showed that all parameters are in natural concentration range (class I) according to National Water Quality Standard (NWQS Malaysia) except for dissolved oxygen and pH at some sampling stations especially at east side of the lake which were influenced by natural and anthropogenic factors.

Keywords: Freshwater; lake; metal; Malaysia; water quality

REFERENCES

Aleva, G.J.J. 1994. Laterites. Concepts, Geology, Morphology and Chemistry. Wageningen, The Netherlands: ISRIC, pp. 169.

APHA1992. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 18th edition. Washington: American Public Health Association (APHA).

Bradley, R.W. & Morris, J.R. 1986. Heavy metals in fish from a series of metal- contaminated lakes near Sudbury, Ontario. Water Air Soil Pollution 27: 341-354.

CCME 1999. Canadian environmental quality guidelines. Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment’, Winnipeg, pp. 61.

Clark, R.B. 1992. Marine Pollution. Oxford, UK: Claderon Press.

Deleebeeck, N.M.E., Muyssen, B.T.A., De Laender, F., Janssen, C.R. & De Schamphelaere, K.A.C. 2007. Comparison of nickel toxicity to cladocerans in soft versus hard surface waters. Aquatic Toxicology 84: 223-235.

EPA(Environmental Protection Agency, United State) 2004. National Recommended Water Quality Criteria. Washington, DC: Office of Science and Technology.

Forstner, U. & Wittman, G.T.W. 1981. Metal pollution in the aquatic environment. New York: Springer-Verlag.

Fry, J.C. 1994. Biological data analysis: a practical approach. Oxford UK: Oxford University Press, 418p.

Iivonen, P., Piepponen, S. & Verta, M. 1992. Factors affecting trace-metal bioaccumulation in Finnish headwater lakes. Environmental Pollution 78: 87-95.

Ikusima, I., R.P. Lim & Furtado, J.I. 1982. Environmental conditions. In Tasek Bera: The ecology of a freshwater swamp, edited by : Furtado, J.I. & S. Mori. The Hague: Junk Publishers, pp 55-148.

JAS, Jabatan Alam Sekitar, Malaysia 2008. Laporan tahunan Jabatan Alam Sekitar, Malaysia. Jabatan Alam Sekitar, Kementerian Sumber Asli dan Alam Sekitar, Malaysia, pp. 90.

JPS, Jabatan Parit dan Saliran 2008. Laman Web Rasmi, Kementerian Sumber Asli dan Alam Sekitar, Malaysia. http://www.water.gov.my/ [12 November 2009].

Kendrick, M.J., May, M.T., Plishka, M.J. & Robinson, K.D. 1992. Metals in Biological Systems. Ellis Harwood Limited, pp. 183.

Park, E.J., Jo, H.J. & Jung, J. 2009. Combined effects of pH, hardness and dissolved organic carbon on acute metal toxicity to Daphnia magna. Journal of Industrial Engineering Chemistry 15(1): 82-85.

Rogevich, E.C., Hoang, T.C. & G.M. Rand, G.M. 2008. The effects of water quality and age on the acute toxicity of copper to the Florida Apple Snail, Pomacea paludosa. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 54(4): 690-696.

Shuhaimi-Othman, M., Ahmad, A.K. & Lim, E.C. 2009. Metals Concentration in Water and Sediment of Bebar Peat Swampy Forest River, Malaysia. Journal of Biological Sciences 9(7): 730-737.

Shuhaimi-Othman, M., Mushrifah, I, Lim, E.C. & Ahmad, A. 2008. Trend in metals variation in Tasik Chini, Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 143: 345-354.

Stephenson, M. & Mackie, G.L. 1988. Multivariate analysis of correlations between environmental parameters and cadmium concentartions in Hyalella azteca from central Ontario lakes. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 45: 1705-1710.

*Corresponding author; e-mail: shuhaimi@ukm.my