Sains Malaysiana 40(11)(2011): 1237–1241

Interaksi Gal Quercus infectoria dengan Vankomisin terhadap Staphylococcus

aureus yang Kurang Kerentanan Terhadap Vankomisin

(Interaction of Quercus infectoria Gall’s Extract and Vancomycin Against Staphylococcus aureus with Reduce Susceptibility to Vancomycin)

Norzawani Jaffar, Dayang Fredalina Basri* & Noraziah M. Zin

Jabatan Sains Bioperubatan, Fakulti Sains Kesihatan Bersekutu, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kampus Kuala Lumpur, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Received: 3 March 2010 / Accepted: 25 May 2010

ABSTRACT

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a versatile pathogen widespread, and tend to be multi-resistant towards almost all of currently available antibiotics. The gall of Quercus infectoria or locally known as manjakani in Malaysia was known to have antibacterial activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the interaction effect of Q. infectoria gall extract with vancomycin against five MRSA strains and two Vancomycin Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA) strains. The extracts were prepared using acetone, methanol and aqueous. The microbroth serial dilution technique was employed using 96-well microtiter plate for determination of MIC values. The effect of interaction between Q. infectoria gall extract and vancomycin was evaluated using the checkerboard method to obtain the Fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index value. The extracts combination with vancomycin displayed synergism for acetone extract against MRSA ATCC 43300 (0.3124), Sa7 (0.3750) and VISA U9495 (0.3750), while aqueous extract were synergistic against MRSA Sa7 (0.4167) and VISA U9495 (0.3958) and N316 (0.5000). On the other hand, vancomycin combination with methanol only exhibited synergistic effect towards ATCC 49476 (0.3750) but additive against 6 other strains tested. This interaction effect showed their potential and importance in development or modification of drugs against MRSA.

Keywords: Anti-MRSA; Quercus infectoria gall; vancomycin

ABSTRAK

Staphylococcus aureus tahan Methicillin (MRSA) adalah patogen yang mudah tersebar dan cenderung untuk menjadi multi-rintangan terhadap hampir semua terapi antibiotik yang terdapat di pasaran kini. Gal daripada Quercusinfectoria atau lebih dikenali sebagai manjakani di Malaysia telah diketahui mempunyai aktiviti anti-bakteria. Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk mengkaji kesan kombinasi ekstrak gal daripada Q. infectoria dengan vankomisin terhadap lima strain MRSA dan dua strain Vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA). Proses pengekstrakan dilakukan menggunakan pelarut aseton, metanol dan akues. Teknik mikro pencairan bersiri kaldu dijalankan menggunakan plat telaga 96 bagi menentukan nilai Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). Kesan interaksi di antara gal Q. infectoria dengan vankomisin dikaji menggunakan teknik checkerboard bagi mendapatkan nilai indek Fractional Inhibitory Concentration (FIC). Hasil kombinasi ekstrak gal dan vankomisin menunjukkan terdapat aktiviti yang sinergi pada ekstrak aseton terhadap MRSA ATCC 43300 (0.3124), Sa7 (0.3750) dan VISA U9495 (0.3750), manakala ekstrak akues terhadap MRSA Sa7 (0.4167) dan VISA U9495 (0.3958) dan N316 (0.5000). Sebaliknya kombinasi metanol dan vankomisin menunjukkan kesan yang sinergi terhadap ATCC 49476 (0.3750) sahaja manakala aditif terhadap enam lagi strain MRSA yang diuji. Kesan interaksi ini menunjukkan potensi dan kepentingannya dalam pembangunan dan modifikasi agen anti-MRSA.

Kata kunci: Anti-MRSA; gal Quercus infectoria; vankomisin

REFERENCES

Akiyama, H., Kazayasu, F., Osamu, Y., Takashi, O. & Keiji, I. 2001. Antibacterial action of several tannins against Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotheraphy 48(4): 487-491.

Beth, E.D., Ann, M.E. & Richard, A.V. 2000. Vancomycin and oxacillin synergy for Methicillin-resistant Staphylococci. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemot heraphy 44(5): 1394-1396.

CDC. 2006. Investigation and Control of Vancomycin Intermediate and Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VISA/VRSA). Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Last updated September 2006.

Chung, K.T., Steven, S.E. Jr., Lin W.F. & Wei, C.I. 1993. Growth inhibition of selected food-borne bacteria by tannic acid, propyl gallate and related compounds. Letters in Applied Microbiology 17: 29-32.

Chang, P.C., Li, H.Y., Tang, H.J., Liu, J.W., Wang, J.J. & Chuang, Y.C. 2007. In vitro synergy of baicalein and gentamicin against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection 40: 56-61.

CLSI. 2005. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing, CLSI approved standard M100-S15. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute Wayne, Pa.

Dayang, F.B., Hikmah, M.I. & Mastura, M. 2005b. An alternative phytotherapeutic agent for treatment of hospital-acquired MRSA infections. Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences 12(1): 168.

Dayang, F.B. & Fan, S.H. 2004. In vitro antibacterial activity of the galls of Quercus infectoria. Tropical Biomedicine 21(1): 39-46.

Dayang, F.B., Fan, S.H., Noraziah, M.Z. & Ibrahim, J. 2005a. Antibacterial activity of the galls of Quercus infectoria. Malaysian Journal of Science 24(1): 257-262.

Dayang, F.B., Noraziah, M.Z., Nur S.B., Faralisa, R. & Mastura, M. 2008. Synergistic effects of phytochemicals and oxacillin on Laboratory Passage-Derived Vancomycin-Intermediate Staphylococcus aures Strain. Journal of Medical Sciences 8(2): 131-136.

Hwang, J.K., Shim, J.S. & Chung, J.Y. 2004. Anticariogenic activity of some tropical medicinal plants against Streptococcus mutans. Filoterapia 75: 596-598.

Kaur, G., Athar, M. & Alam, M.S. 2008. Quercus infectoria galls possess antioxidant activity and abrogates oxidatives stress-induced functional alterations in murine macrophages. Chemico- biological Interactions 171: 272-282.

Kuehnert, M.J., Hill, H.A., Kupronis, B.A., Tokars, J.I., Solomon, S.L. & Jernigan, D.B. 2005. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus hospitalizations, United States. Emerging Infectious Disease Journal 11: 868-872.

Lewis, K. & Ausubel, F. 2006. Prospectd for plant-derived antibacterial. Nature Biotechnology 24(12): 1504-1507.

Loeffler, A., Boag, A.K., Sung, J., Lindsay, J.A., Guardabassi. L., Dalsgaard. A., Smith. H., Stevens, K.B. & Lloyd, D.H. 2005. Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among stuff and pets in a small animal referral hospital in UK. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotheraphy 56: 592-597.

Mandal, S., Mandal, M.D. & Pal, N.K. 2004. Evaluation of combination effect of ciprofloxacin and cefazolin against Salmonella enterica serovar typhi isolates by in vitro methods. Calicut Medical Journal 2(2): e2.

Marion, G., Maxime, M., Stephane, F. Jean-Bernard, R.D.V., Chantal, F. & Raphael, E.D. 2007. In vitro activity of para-guanidinoethylcalix(4)arene against susceptible and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotheraphy Sep 60(3): 575-81.

NNIS System. 2004. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System report, data summary from January 1992 through June 2004, issued October 2004. American Journal of Infection Control 32: 470-485.

Oie, S., Hosokawa, I. & Kamiya, A. 2002. Contamination of door handles by methicillin-sensitive/ Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Hospital Infection 51: 140-143.

Samuelsson, G. 1999. Drugs of Natural Origin. 4th Ed. Sweden: Swedish Pharmaceutical Press.

Sasitorn, C. & Supayang, P.V. 2008. Quercus infectoria: A Candidate for the Control of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections. Phytotheraphy Research 22: 560-562.

Sato, M., Tanaka, H., Yamaguchi, R., Kato, K. & Etoh, H. 2004. Synergistic effects of mupirocin and an isoflavanone isolated from Erythrina variegata on growth and recovery of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 24(3): 241-246.

Sexton, T., Clarke, P., O’Neill, E., Dillane, T. & Humphreys, H. 2005. Environmental reservoirs of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in isolation rooms: Correlation with patient isolates and implication for hospital hygiene. Journal of Hospital Infection 62: 187-194.

Supayang, P.V., Sasitorn, C. & Sakol, S. 2008. Quercus infectoria Oliv. Pharmaceutical Biology 46(6): 367-372.

Supayang, V., Amornrat, L., Wanpen, J., Trechada, S., Souwalak, P. & Thanomjit, S. 2004. Effective medicinal plants against enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7. Journal of Ethnopharmacology: 49-54.

Weese, J.S., Goth, K., Ehtier, M. & Boehnke, K. 2004. Isolation of methicillin resistant Stapylococcus aureus from the environment in a veterinary teaching hospital. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 18: 468-470.

Wiart, C. & Kumar, A. 2001. Practical Handbook of Pharmacognosy. Selangor: Pearson Education Malaysia Sdn Bhd.

Wisplinghoff, H., Bischoff, T., Tallent, S.M., Seifert, H., Wenzel, R.P. & Edmond, M.B. 2004. Nosocomial bloodstream infections in US hospitals: analysis of 24, 179 cases from prospective nationwide surveillance study. Clinical Infectious Diseases 39: 309-317.

*Corresponding author; email: dayang@medic.ukm.my