Sains Malaysiana 40(6)(2011): 605–611

Pemencilan dan Pencirian Populasi Eimeria tenelladaripada Ayam Hutan Tempatan

(Isolation and Characterisation of an Eimeria tenella Population from the Local Jungle Fowl)

NorjoannaJohan, Mohd. Sanus iJangi& Kiew-LianWan*

Pusat Pengajian Biosains dan Bioteknologi, Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor D.E., Malaysia

Received: 1 June 2010 / Accepted: 1 September 2001

ABSTRAK

Eimeria tenella merupakan salah satu daripada tujuh spesiesEimeria yang menjangkiti ayam. Jangkitan parasit ini menyebabkan penyakit koksidiosis yang mendatangkan kerugian ekonomi yang besar kepada industri penternakan ayam. Adalah dipercayai parasit yang terdapat di dalam ayam domestik berasal daripada dan/atau mempunyai kaitan rapat dengan strain yang wujud di dalam ayam hutan. Oleh yang demikian, pencirian spesiesEimeria ini yang dipencil daripada ayam hutan tempatan akan memberi pengetahuan baru bagi meningkatkan pemahaman mengenai biologi parasit ini. Dalam kajian yang dilaporkan di sini, populasi parasitEimeria AH1 telah dipencil daripada saluran usus ayam hutan tempatan. Berasaskan kepada pasaj bersiri didapati penghasilan oosista populasi AH1 tersebut dalam ayam domestik bergantung kepada umur oosista dan dos jangkitan. Pencirian morfologi pula menunjukkan oosista populasi AH1 berbentuk ovoid dan kebanyakan oosista tersebut mempunyai granul kutub. Nilai dimensi purata bagi oosista populasi AH1 ialah 22.51 (± 0.17) × 17.30 (± 0.14) μm. Saiz oosista populasi AH1 didapati berbeza secara signifikan (p < 0.05) berbanding dengan saiz oosista strain rujukan, E. tenella strain Houghton. Amplifikasi tindak balas berantai polimerase multipleks populasi AH1 menghasilkan jalur bersaiz ~540 pb yang berkolerasi dengan saiz produk yang spesifik untukE. tenella. Hasil kajian kami ini mengesahkan bahawa populasiEimeria AH1 yang dipencilkan daripada ayam hutan tempatan, terdiri daripada parasit E. tenella.

Kata kunci: Ayam hutan; Eimeria tenella; koksidiosis; parasit protozoa

ABSTRACT

Eimeria tenella is one of the seven Eimeria species that infects chicken. Infection of this parasite causes coccidiosis, which brings about great economic losses to the poultry industry. It is believed that the parasite in the domestic chicken originates from and/or is closely related with the strain present in the jungle fowl. Thus, characterisation of Eimeria species isolated from the local jungle fowl will provide new knowledge to increase the understanding of the biology of this parasite. In the study reported here, the Eimeria population AH1 was isolated from the intestinal tract of a local jungle fowl. Based on a serial passage, it was found that the production of oocysts from the AH1 population in domestic chicken depends on the age of the oocysts and the dose of infection. Morphological characterisation showed that the AH1 population oocysts are ovoid in shape with most of the oocysts possessing a polar granule. The mean dimension of the AH1 population oocysts is 22.51 (± 0.17) × 17.30 (± 0.14) μm. The size of the AH1 population oocysts is significantly different (p < 0.05) compared to the size of oocysts of the reference, E. tenella Houghton strain. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction amplification of the AH1 population produced a band of ~540 bp in size, which correlates with the size of the product specific for E. tenella. The results of our study confirm that the Eimeria population AH1 isolated from the local jungle fowl, consists of E. tenella parasites.

Keywords: Coccidiosis; Eimeria tenella; jungle fowl; protozoan parasite

REFERENCES

Abdullah, Z. & Babjee, S.A. 1982. Habitat preference of the red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus). Malays. Appl. Biol. 11: 59-63.

Akishinonomiya, F., Miyake, T., Sumi, S.I., Takada, M., Ohno, S. & Kondo, N. 1994. One subspesies of the red junglefowl (Gallus gallus gallus) suffices as the matriarchic ancestor of all domestic breeds. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 12505-12509.

Akishinonomiya, F., Miyake, T., Takada, M., Shingu, R., Endo, T., Gojobori, T., Kondo, N. & Ohno, S. 1996. Monophyletic origin and unique dispersal patterns of domestic fowls. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 6792-6795.

Allen, P.C. & Fetterer, R.H. 2002. Recent advances in biology and immunobiology of Eimeria species and in diagnosis and control of infection with these coccidian parasites of poultry. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 15 (1): 58-65.

Alloco, J.J., Profous-Juchelka, H., Myers, R.W., Nare, B. & Schmatz, D.M. 1999. Biosynthesis and catabolism of mannitol is developmentally regulated in the protozoan parasite Eimeria tenella. J. Parasitol. 85(2): 167-173.

Barta, J.R., Martin, D.S., Liberator, P.A., Dashkevicz, M., Anderson, J.W., Feighner, S.D., Elbrecht, A., Perkins-Barrow, A., Jenkins, M.C., Danforth, H.D., Ruff, M.D. & Profous-Juchelka, H. 1997. Phylogenetic relationships among eight Eimeria species infecting domestic fowl inferred using complete small subunit ribosomal DNA sequences. J. Parasitol. 83: 262-271.

Chapman, H.D., Cherry, T.E., Danforth, H.D., Richards, G., Shirley, M.W. & Williams, R.B. 2002. Sustainable coccidiosis control in poultry production: the role of live vaccines. Int. J. Parasitol. 32: 617-629.

Chapman, H.D. & Rose, M.E. 1986. Cloning of Eimeria tenellain the chicken. J. Parasitol. 72 (4): 605-606.

Chapman, H.D. & Shirley, M.W. 2003. The Houghton strain of Eimeria tenella: a review of the type strain selected for genome sequencing. Avian Pathol. 32: 115-127.

Chapman, H.D. 1997. Biochemical, genetic and applied aspects of drug resistance in Eimeria parasites of the fowl. Avian Pathol. 26: 221-244.

Doran, D.J. 1970. Effect of age and freezing on development of Eimeria adenoidesand E. tenella sporozoites in cell culture. J. Parasitol. 56: 27-29.

Fernandez, S., Costa, A.C., Katsuyama, A.M., Madeira, A.M.B.N. & Gruber, A. 2003a. A survey of the inter- and intraspecific RAPDmarkers of Eimeria spp. of the domestic fowl and the development of reliable diagnostic tools. Parasitol. Res. 89: 437-445.

Fernandez, S., Pagotto, A.H., Furtado, M.M., Katsuyama, A.M., Madeira, A.M.B.N. & Gruber, A. 2003b. A multiplex PCR assay for the simultaneous detection and discrimination of the seven Eimeria species that infect domestic fowl. Parasitol. 127: 317-325.

Fernando, M.A. & Remmler, O. 1973a. Four new species of Eimeria and one of Tyzzeria from the Ceylon jungle fowl Gallus lafayettei. J. Protozool. 20: 43-45.

Fernando, M.A. & Remmler, O. 1973b. Eimeria diminutasp. n. from the Ceylon jungle fowl, Gallus lafayettei. J. Protozool. 20: 357.

Jeffers, T.K. 1978. Genetics of coccidia and the host response. Dlm. Long, P.L., Boorman, K.N. & Freeman, B.M. (pnyt). Avian Coccidiosis. Proceedings of the 13th Poultry Science Symposium, hlm. 51-125. Edinburgh: British Poultry Science Ltd.

Jeston, P.J., Blight, G.W., Anderson, G.R., Molloy, J.B. & Jorgensen, W.K. 2002. Comparison of infectivity of Eimeria tenellaoocysts maintained at 4, 12 or 28°C for up to 10 months. Aust. Vet. J. 80: 91-92.

Joyner, L.P. & Norton, C.C. 1969. A comparison of two laboratory strains of Eimeria tenella. Parasitol. 59: 907-913.

Long, P.L. 1973. Endogenous stages of a “chick embryo-adapted” strain of Eimeria tenella. Parasitol. 66: 55-62.

Long, P.L. 1974. Experimental infection of chickens with two species of Eimeria isolated from the Malaysian jungle fowl. Parasitol. 69: 337-347.

Michalski, W.P., Edgar, J.A. & Prowse, S.J. 1992. Mannitol metabolism in Eimeria tenella. Int. J. Parasitol. 22(8): 1157-1161.

Ruff, M.D., Doran, D.J. & Wilkins, G.C. 1981. Effect of aging on survival and pathogenicity of Eimeria acervulinaand Eimeria tenella. Avian Dis. 25(3): 595-599.

Ryley, J.F., Bentley, M., Manners, D.J. & Stark, J.R. 1969. Amylopectin, the storage polysaccharide of the coccidia Eimeria brunettiand E. tenella. J. Parasitol. 55(4): 839-845.

Shirley, M.W. 1995. Eimeria species and strains of chickens. Dlm. Eckert, J., Braun, R., Shirley, M.W. & Coudert, P. (pnyt.). Biotechnology – Guidelines on techniques in coccidiosis research, hlm.1-24. Luxemborg: European Commision.

Shirley, M.W., Ivens, A., Gruber, A., Madeira, A.M.B.N., Wan, K.-L., Dear, P.H. & Tomley, F.M. 2004. The Eimeria genome projects: a sequence of events. Trends Parasitol. 20: 199-201.

Shirley, M.W., Smith, A.L. & Tomley, F.M. 2005. The biology of avian Eimeria with an emphasis on their control by vaccination. Adv. Parasitol. 20: 285-330.

Williams, R.B. 1973. Effects of different infection rates on the oocyst production of Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria tenella in the chicken. Parasitol. 67: 279-288.

Zhou, K., Wang, Y-Y., Chen, M., Wang, L-H., Huang, S-C., Zhang, J., Liu, R-H. & Xu, H. 2006. Eimeria tenella: further studies on the development of the oocyst. Exp. Parasitol. 113(3): 174-178.

*Corresponding author; email: klwan@ukm.my