Sains Malaysiana 41(11)(2012): 1423–1429

Toxic Effects of Sapium baccatum (Ludai) Extract in Rats

(Kesan Toksik Ekstrak Sapium baccatum (Ludai) ke atas Tikus)

Muhammad Taher*

Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy

International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia

Nur Aizura Mat Alewi, Zaitunnatakhin Zamli, Norazsida Ramli & Nurulwahida Saad

Department of Biomedical Science, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences

International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia

Deny Susanti

Department of Biotechnology, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia

25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia

Received: 2 March 2011 / Accepted: 9 April 2012

ABSTRACT

Sapium baccatum is usually used as a timber in Malaysia. Its medicinal values are not well known and very little research has been conducted concerning the plant. Consequently, this study was conducted to observe toxicity effects of hexane extract of stem bark of S. baccatum. The toxicity effects were assessed through observation of physiological changes of the rats as well as through gross and histological examinations of its livers. The doses for the treated groups were given intraperitoneally for T2, T3 and T4 group which were given 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg, respectively. Meanwhile, control group (T1) was administered with 80% PEG 200 only. The observation period was 14 days. If the rat died, it was dissected and the liver was removed and examined. Some physiological effects observed include ataxia and hind-legs paralysis. The gross observations of the livers, growth of abnormal spots and connective tissues attachment to lobes of the livers were observed. The experiment was followed by histopathological observation, which indicated the presence of abnormal hepatocytes with a distorted shape and undefined cell linings for T2 group. Results also indicated an increase in the distortion of hepatocytes, presence of massive cytoplasm and necrosis of hepatocytes for T3 and T4 groups. Results suggest that non polar extract of the stem bark of S. baccatum may promote toxic effects to the animals.

Keywords: Euphorbiaceae; hexane extract; rats; Sapium baccatum; toxic effects

ABSTRAK

Sapium baccatum merupakan salah satu tumbuhan yang digunakan sebagai kayu balak di Malaysia. Nilai perubatannya masih banyak belum diketahui umum dan kajian terhadapnya juga amat sedikit dilakukan. Justeru, kajian ini dijalankan untuk memerhatikan kesan toksik ekstrak heksan kulit batang S.baccatum ke atas tikus. Kesan toksik ekstrak dinilai melalui pemerhatian terhadap perubahan fisiologi, abnormaliti pada morfologi hati secara kasar dan juga melalui slaid histopatologi sel hati tikus kajian. Sembilan ekor tikus telah dibahagikan kepada 3 kumpulan uji kaji (T2, T3 dan T4) dengan setiap kumpulan menerima sebanyak 100, 250 dan 500 mg/kg takaran ekstrak masing-masing melalui suntikan intraperitoneum manakala kumpulan kawalan (T1) pula diberikan 80% PEG 200. Pemerhatian dijalankan selama 14 hari. Tikus yang mati dalam tempoh pemerhatian dibedah dan diambil hatinya untuk pemeriksaan. Hasil kajian menunjukkan berlakunya ataksia dan kelumpuhan bahagian belakang kaki pada kumpulan uji kaji. Pemeriksaan ke atas hati juga menunjukkan kehadiran bintik-bintik tidak normal pada permukaan hati dan pertumbuhan tisu-tisu penyambung antara lobus-lobus hati. Hasil histopatologi menunjukkan kehadiran hepatosit-hepatosit tidak normal dan kehadiran lapisan sel yang tidak dikenal pasti pada kumpulan T2. Kesan ekstrak juga didapati menyebabkan pertumbuhan sel-sel hepatosit yang tidak normal, kehadiran banyak sitoplasma dan nekrosis pada kumpulan T3 dan T4. Oleh sebab itu, hasil kajian ini mencadangkan bahawa ekstrak kasar heksan kulit batang S. baccatum mampu memberikan kesan toksik kepada haiwan.

Kata kunci: Ekstrak heksan; Euphorbiaceae; kesan toksik; Sapium baccatum; tikus

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*Corresponding author; email: mtaher@iium.edu.my