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Sains Malaysiana 42(11)(2013):
1619–1624
Glutamatergic Transmission in the Avian Brain: Model for Human Excitotoxicity
(Penghantaran Glutamatergik dalam Otak Burung: Model bagi Kajian
Gangguan Eksitotoksisiti Manusia)
M.R. ISLAM1, Y. ATOJI2& J.M. ABDULLAH1* 1Department
of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia 2Laboratory
of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences Received: 14 June 2012 /Accepted: 17 March 2013
ABSTRACT Glutamatergic dysfunction has been suggested as a possible substrate
of the pathophysiology of many neurodegenerative diseases, specifically
since glutamatergic transmission is severely altered by the early
degeneration of cortico-cortical connections and hippocampal projections
in Alzheimer’s disease, schizophrenia and Huntington’s
disease in humans. Of the multiple genes, vesicular glutamate transporters,
glutamate receptors and excitatory amino acid transporters have
a significant role in glutamatergic transmissions. The regional
differences of glutamatergic neurons and glutamate receptor neurons
suggest many glutamatergic projections in the avian brain. Glutamatergic
target areas are expected to show high activity of glutamate transporters
that remove the released glutamate from the synaptic clefts. The
distribution of the glutamate-related genes indicates that many
glutamatergic transmissions exist in the avian brain. This review
provide insights of glutamatergic circuits in birds particularly
in the pallial organization of glutamatergic neurons and connection
with the striatum and hippocampal-septal pathway and comparison
with those of mammalian brain which are responsible for Alzheimer’s
disease, schizophrenia and Huntington’s disease in humans.
Keywords: Central nervous system, glutamate receptors, mRNA expression,
neurons, vesicular glutamate transporters
ABSTRAK Disfungsi Glutamatergik telah
dicadangkan sebagai substrat patofisiologi yang mungkin untuk penyakit
neurodegeneratif, khususnya kerana penghantaran glutamatergik banyak
diubah oleh degenerasi awal sambungan kortikal kortiko dan unjuran
hipokampal dalam penyakit Alzheimer, skizofrenia dan penyakit Huntington
pada manusia. Daripada pelbagai gen yang ada, pembawa glutamat vesikular,
reseptor glutamat dan pembawa asid amino berangsang mempunyai peranan
penting dalam transmisi glutamatergik. Perbezaan serantau neuron
glutamatergik dan neuron reseptor glutamat mencadangkan terdapat
banyak unjuran glutamatergik wujud di dalam otak burung. Kawasan
sasaran Glutamatergik dijangka menunjukkan aktiviti pengangkutan
glutamat yang tinggi bagi membuang glutamat yang dikeluarkan dari
celahan sinaptik. Taburan gen yang berkaitan glutamat menunjukkan
bahawa banyak penghantaran glutamatergik wujud di dalam otak burung.
Ulasan ini menyediakan gambaran tentang litar glutamatergik dalam
burung terutamanya dalam organisasi palial neuron glutamatergik
dan perkaitan dengan striatum dan laluan septal hipokampal serta
perbandingan dengan otak mamalia yang bertanggungjawab bagi penyakit
Alzheimer, skizofrenia dan penyakit Huntington pada manusia. Kata kunci: Neuron; pembawa
glutamat vesikular; reseptor glutamat; sistem saraf pusat; ungkapan
mRNA
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