Sains Malaysiana 43(3)(2014): 429–435

Characterization of Residue from EFB and Kenaf Core Fibres in the Liquefaction Process

(Pencirian Bahan Baki Hasil daripada Proses Pencecairan EFB dan Serabut Teras Kenaf)

SARANI ZAKARIA*, RASIDI ROSLAN, UMAR ADLI AMRAN, CHIN-HUA CHIA

& SAIFUL BAHARI BAKARUDDIN

Pusat Pengajian Fizik Gunaan, Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

Received: 13 June 2012/Accepted: 6 July 2013

ABSTRACT

Different type of fibers which is EFB and KC were liquefied in phenol with the presence of sulphuric acid as a catalyst. The liquefied residue was characterized by using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) to determine the functional groups presents in both residues, X-ray diffraction (XRD) to determine the degree of crystallinity in the residue, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to analyze the thermal properties of the residue and scanning electron microscope (SEM) to investigate the structure and morphology of the residue. Phenol-to-EFB/KC ratio shows great effect on the amount of residue in the liquefaction process. Peak appearance can be observed in the FTIR analysis at 810 and 750 cm-1 which is attributed to the para and meta benzene, respectively or to be specific its associated to the p-alkyl phenol and m-alkyl phenol. In the XRD analysis, CrI of lignocellulosic materials increased after liquefaction process. Liquefaction process caused chemical penetration across the grain of the fiber, thus the fiber bundles started to separate into individual fibers shown in the SEM micrograph and the weights lost curve for both liquefied EFB and KC experienced three region decompositions.

Keywords: EFB; KC; lignocellulosic; liquefaction; residue

ABSTRAK

Pencecairan bahan berbeza iaitu serabut tandan kosong kelapa sawit (EFB) dan serabut teras kenaf (KC) telah dijalankan menggunakan fenol sebagai agen pencecairan dengan kehadiran asid sulfurik sebagai mangkin. Pencirian baki pencecairan dilakukan dengan menggunakan transformasi Fourier inframerah (FTIR) untuk menentukan kumpulan berfungsi yang hadir, pembelauan Sinar-X (XRD) untuk menentukan darjah kehabluran, analisis termogravimetri (TGA) untuk menganalisis sifat terma bahan baki) dan mikroskop elektron imbasan (SEM) untuk melihat struktur dan morfologi baki pencecairan. Nisbah fenol terhadap STKKS/TK memberikan kesan yang besar terhadap jumlah baki yang terhasil selepas proses pencecairan. Kemunculan puncak boleh diperhatikan dalam analisis FTIR pada 810 dan 750 cm-1 disebabkan oleh meta dan para benzena atau lebih spesifik berkaitan p-alkil dan m-alkil fenol. Dalam analisis XRD, darjah kehabluran bahan lignoselulosa meningkat selepas proses pencecairan. Proses pencecairan menyebabkan penembusan bahan kimia ke seluruh butiran serabut lalu menyebabkan berkas serabut terpisah kepada serabut individu seperti yang ditunjukkan pada mikrograf SEM. Manakala lengkung kehilangan berat untuk kedua-dua baki pencecairan STKKS dan TK mengalami tiga tahap penguraian dengan peningkatan suhu.

Kata kunci: Baki; EFB; KC; lignoselulosa; pencecairan

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*Corresponding author; email: sarani@ukm.my