Sains Malaysiana 44(8)(2015): 1129–1136

Supplementation of Psidium guajava (Guava) Fruit Polysaccharide Attenuates Paracetamol-induced Liver Injury by Enhancing the Endogenous Antioxidant Activity

(Penambahan Polisakarida Buah Psidium guajava (Jambu Batu) Mengatenuasi Aruhan Parasetamol daripada Kecederaan Hepar dengan Mempertingkatkan Aktiviti Antioksida Endogenus)

ASPALILAH ALIAS¹, FAIZAH OTHMAN¹, ABDUL RASHID LI², AQILAH KAMARUDDIN¹, RAFIZUL YUSOF¹ & FARIDA HUSSAN1*

¹Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

²Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), 52109 Kepong, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Received: 27 May 2014/Accepted: 6 April 2015

ABSTRACT

This study was aimed to determine the effect of polysaccharide from guava fruit on paracetamol (PCM)-induced liver injury. Aqueous extract of Psidium guajava fruit was treated with 95% ethanol to collect the water soluble polysaccharide precipitates. Thirty-eight male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into control (C), PPG400, PCM, PPG200+PCM and PPG400+PCM. The control and PCM groups received 0.9% normal saline orally while the rest were given 200 and 400 mg/kg of freeze-dried polysaccharide (PPG) per oral for fourteen days. At day 15, the animals were orally received PCM (2 g/kg) except the control and PPG400 groups which received 5% dimethyl sulfoxide. At day 16, the blood was collected to determine serum liver enzymes such as transaminases (AST and ALT). The liver tissue was harvested for determination of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6(IL6), microscopic changes and glycogen content. The PCM group showed significant higher level of AST, ALT, TNF-α and IL6 than those of group C. The PCM group showed glycogen depletion, vacuolisation, loss of cell membrane, inflammatory cells infiltration and distorted hepatocelluar cords and narrow sinusoidal spaces. However, those PCM-induced alterations were attenuated by the PPG supplementation. Therefore, the polysaccharide of Psidium guajava possesses hepatoprotective activity and can be used as a dietary supplementation for protection of liver.

Keywords: Antioxidant; guava; liver; paracetamol; polysaccharide

ABSTRAK

Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan kesan polisakarida daripada buah jambu batu pada parasetamol (PCM) yang menyebabkan kecederaan hepar. 95% etanol digunakan untuk mendapatkan ekstrak akueus daripada buah Psidium guajava untuk mengumpul mendakan polisakarida larut air. Tiga puluh lapan ekor tikus jantan Sprague Dawley telah dibahagikan kepada kumpulan kawalan (C), PPG400, PCM, PPG200+PCM dan PPG400+PCM. Kumpulan kawalan (C) dan PCM telah menerima 0.9% air garam secara oral manakala yang lain telah diberikan 200 dan 400 mg/kg serbuk polisakarida (PPG) melalui oral dalam masa empat belas hari. Pada hari 15, semua haiwan menerima PCM (2 g/kg) secara oral kecuali kumpulan kawalan dan PPG400 menerima 5% dimetil sulfoksid. Pada hari 16, darah diambil untuk mengetahui enzim serum hepar seperti transaminase (AST dan ALT). Tisu hepar telah diambil untuk mengetahui tahap superoksida dismutase (SOD), glutation (GSH), nekrosis tumor faktor - α (TNF -α), interleukin -6 (IL6), perubahan mikroskopik dan kandungan glikogen. Kumpulan PCM menunjukkan tahap signifikan yang lebih tinggi pada AST, ALT, TNF-α dan IL6 berbanding dengan kumpulan C. Kumpulan PCM menunjukkan kekurangan glikogen, pemvakuolan, kehilangan sel membran, infiltrasi sel-sel inflamasi, perubahan pada korda hepatosel dan ruang sinusoidal mengecil. Walau bagaimanapun, apa-apa perubahan yang disebabkan PCM telah dibantu oleh suplemen PPG ini. Oleh itu, polisakarida daripada Psidium guajava mempunyai aktiviti hepatopelindung dan ia boleh digunakan sebagai suplemen pemakanan untuk perlindungan hepar.

Kata kunci: Antioksida; jambu batu; hepar; parasetamol; polisakarida

REFERENCES

Anantha, K.C., Siva, R.C. & Manohar, R.A. 2012. Hepatoprotective effect of biherbal ethanolic extract against paracetamol-induced hepatic damage in albino rats. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine 3: 198-203.

Anusha, M., Venkateswarlu M., Prabhakaran, V., Shareen Taj, S., Pushpa Kumari, B. & Ranganayakulu, D. 2011. Hepatoprotective activity of aqueous extract of Portulaca oleracea in combination with licopene in rats. Indian Journal of Pharmacology 43(5): 563-567.

Cemek, M., Anmelek, F., Buyukokuroglu, M. & Karaca, E. 2010. Protective potential of Royal Jelly against carbon chloride induced-toxicity and changes in the serum sialic acid levels. Food and Chemical Toxicology 48: 2827-2832.

Dart, R.C., Erdman, A.R., Olson, K.R., Christianson, G., Manoguerra, A.S., Chyka, P.A., Caravati, E.M., Wax, P.M., Keyes, D.C., Woolf, A.D., Scharman, E.J., Booze, L.L. & Troutman, W.G. 2006. Acetaminophen poisoning: An evidence-based consensus guideline for out-of-hospital management. Clinical Toxicology 44: 1-18.

Ding, L.L., Zhang, B.F., Dou, W., Yang, L., Zhan, C.S. & Wang, Z.T. 2012. Protective effect of Danning tablet on acute liver injury with cholestasis induced by alpha-naphthylsothiocyanate in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 140: 222-229.

Gan, D., Ma, L., Jiang, C., Wang, M. & Zeng, X. 2012. Medium optimization and potential hepatoprotective effect of mycelial polysaccharides from Pholiota dinghuensis Bi against carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver injury in mice. Food Chemical Toxicology 50(8): 2681-2688.

Gupta, R. & Flora, S.J.S. 2006. Effect of Centella asiatica on arsenic induced oxidative stress and metal distribution in rats. Journal of Applied Toxicology 26(3): 213-222.

Hui, Y.C. & Gow, C.Y. 2007. Antioxidant activity and free radical-scavenging capacity of extracts from guava (Psidium guajava L.) leaves. Food Chemistry 101: 686-694.

James, L.P., Philip, R. & Hinson, A. 2003. Acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity. The American Society and Phamacology and Experimental Therapeutics 31: 1499-1505.

Kaplowitz, N. 2004. Drug-induced liver injury. Clinical Infectious Diseases 38: 44-48.

Kriengsak, T., Boonprakob, U., Crosby, K., Cisneros-Zevallos, L. & Byrne, D.H. 2006. Comparison of ABTS, DPPH, Frap, and ORAC assays for estimating antioxidant activity from guava fruit extracts. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 19: 669-675.

Laskin, D.L., Gardner, C.R., Price, V.F. & Jollow, D.J. 1995. Modulation of macrophage functioning abrogates the acute hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen. Hepatology 21: 1045-1050.

Li, Y.G., Ji, D.F., Zhong, S., Shi, L.G., Hu, G.Y. & Chen, S. 2010. Saponins from Panax japonicas protect against alcohol-induced hepatic injury in mice by up-regulating the expression of GPX3, SOD1 and SOD3. Alcohol and Alcoholism 45: 320-331.

Liang, D., Zhou, Q., Gong, W., Wang, Y., Nie, Z., He, H., Li, J., Wu, J., Wu, C. & Zhang, J. 2011. Studies on the antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities of polysaccharides from Talinum triangulare. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 136(2): 316-321.

Lim, Y.Y., Lim, T.T. & Tee, J.J. 2006. Antioxidant properties of guava fruit: Comparison with some local fruits. Sunway Academic Journal 3: 9-20.

Liping, M., Dan, G., Mingchun, W., Zhang, Z., Jiang, C. & Zeng, X. 2012. Optimization of extraction, preliminary characterization and hepatoprotective effects of polysaccharides from Starchys foridana Schuttl. ex. Benth. Carbohydrate Polymers 87(2): 1390-1398.

Lobo, V., Patil, A., Phatak, A. & Chandra, N. 2010. Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health. Pharmacognosy Review 4: 118-126.

Malik, T., Pandey, D.K. & Dogra, N. 2013. Ameliorative potential of aqueous root extract of Withania somnifera against paracetamol induced liver damage in mice. Pharmacologia 4: 89-94.

Michalopoulos, G.K. 2007. Liver regeneration. Journal of Cellular Physiology 213(2): 286-300.

Nwinyi, O.C., Chinedu, N.S. & Ajani, O.O. 2008. Evaluation of antibacterial activity of Psidium guajava and Gongronema Latifolium. Journal of Medical Plants Research 2: 189-192.

O’Brien, P.J., Slaughter, M.R., Swain, A., Birmingham, J.M., Greenhill, R.W., Elcock, F. & Bugelski, P.J. 2000. Repeated acetaminophen dosing in rats: Adaptation of hepatic antioxidant system. Human and Experimental Toxicology 19(5): 277-283.

Oh, W.K., Lee, C.H., Lee, M.S., Bae, E.Y., Sohn, C.B., Oh, H., Kim, B.Y. & Ahn, J.S. 2005. Antidiabetic effects of extracts from Psidium guajava. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 96(3): 411-415.

Park, E.J., Nan, J.X., Kim, J.Y., Kang, H.C., Choi, J.H., Lee, S.J., Lee, B.H., Kim, S.J., Lee, J.H., Kim, Y.C. & Sohn, D.W. 2000. The ethanol-soluble part of a hot-water extract from Artemisia iwayomogi inhibits liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 52(7): 875-881.

Reid, A.B., Kurten, R.C., McCullough, S.S., Brock, R.W. & Hinson, J.A. 2005. Mechanisms of acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity: Role of oxidative stress and mitochondrial permeability transition in freshly isolated mouse hepatocytes. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 312(2): 509-516.

Roy, C.K., Kamath, J.V. & Asad, M. 2006. Hepatoprotective activity of Psidium guajava L. leaf extract, Indian. Journal of Experimental Biology 44: 305-311.

Shen, H.M. & Pervaiz, S. 2006. TNF receptor superfamily-induced cell death: Redox-dependent execution. The Journal of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 20: 1589-1598.

Subramoniam, A. & Pushpagada, P. 1999. Development of phytomedicines for liver diseases. Indian Journal of Pharmacology 31: 166-175.

Taylor, L. 2013. Tropical Plant Database. http://www.rain-tree. com/guava.htm. Accessed on 21 March 2014.

Wang, D., Zhao, Y., Jiao, Y., Yu, L., Yang, S. & Yang, X. 2012. Antioxidative and hepatoprotective effects of polysaccharides from Zizyphus jujube cv. Shaanbeitanzao. Carbohydrate Polymers 88(4): 1453-1459.

Ward, B. & Williams, J.M.A. 1999. Paracetamol revisited: A review of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Acute Pain 2: 139-149.

Yanpallewar, S.U., Sen, S., Tapas, S., Mohan Kumar, Raju, S.S. & Acharya, S.B. 2002. Effect of Azadirachta indica on paracetamol-induced hepatic damage in albino rats. Phytomedicine 10(5): 391-396.

*Corresponding author; email: khinpapah@gmail.com