Sains Malaysiana 45(10)(2016): 1423–1434

 

Evaluation on Efficiency of Pyroligneous Acid from Palm Kernel Shell as Antifungal and Solid Pineapple Biomass as Antibacterial and Plant Growth Promoter

(Penilaian terhadap Keberkesanan Asid Piroligneus daripada Tempurung Isirung Sawit sebagai Antikulat dan Sisa Pepejal Nanas sebagai Antibakteria dan Promoter Pertumbuhan Tumbuhan)

 

KHOIRUN NISA MAHMUD¹, MAIZATULAKMAL YAHAYU¹, SITI HAJAR MD. SARIP¹, NURUL HUSNA RIZAN², CHAI BING MIN², NURUL FARHANA MUSTAFA², SULAIMAN NGADIRAN¹, SALMIAH UJANG³ & ZAINUL AKMAR ZAKARIA¹*

 

¹Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru,

Johor Darul Takzim, Malaysia

 

²Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor Darul Takzim, Malaysia

 

³Forest Products Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, 52109 Kepong, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

 

Received: 11 March 2015/Accepted: 28 February 2016

 

ABSTRACT

Generation of huge volumes of lignocellulosic biomass from agricultural sector is of concern due to its direct effects on the depletion of overall environmental quality. Conversion of biomass into solid biofuel through pyrolysis reaction has become one of the solutions to manage the abundance of biomass. Pyroligneous acid (PA) produced from the condensation of smoke generated during biomass carbonization process has the potential to be applied in various applications based on the diverse active chemical compounds present. In this study, PA obtained from palm kernel shell (PKS) was evaluated for antifungal activity and solid pineapple biomass (PB) was evaluated for antibacterial and plant growth promoter activities. Higher antifungal activity was determined for crude PA from PKS (PA-PKS) and dichloromethane-extract (DPA-PKS) with 0% coverage area when evaluated using rubber wood blocks against mold and blue sapstain after for 4 weeks of observation. This antifungal activity can be attributed to the presence of phenols and its major derivatives as suggested from the GC-MS and FTIR analysis. Concentrated PA from PB displayed good antibacterial capabilities with almost similar growth inhibition for Escherichia coli (13±1 to 20±1 mm) and Corynebacterium agropyri (20±1 mm). PA-PB also showed good potential as PGP where the addition of 2% (v/v) of PA-PB into the fertilizer for okra plant resulted in highest number of leaves and fruits while 4% (v/v) PA-PB managed to give highest plant height, longest root, heaviest fruits and biggest leaf diameter. Thus, this study successfully demonstrated the potential use of PA obtained from lignocelluosic biomass in various applications.

 

Keywords: Antibacterial; antifungal; plant growth promoter; pyroligneous acid

 

ABSTRAK

Lambakan biojisim lignoselulosa berpunca daripada aktiviti sektor pertanian adalah membimbangkan disebabkan oleh kesan langsungnya terhadap pengurangan kualiti alam sekitar. Penukaran sisa biojisim kepada bahan bakar biopepejal melalui pelbagai proses seperti pirolisis adalah salah satu langkah untuk menyelesaikan masalah lambakan biojisim. Asid piroligneus (PA) yang terhasil daripada proses penyulingan asap semasa proses pengkarbonan biojisim mempunyai potensi untuk digunakan dalam pelbagai aplikasi berdasarkan kehadiran pelbagai sebatian aktif kimia. Dalam kajian ini, PA daripada tempurung isirong sawit (PKS) dan biojisim nanas (PB) telah dinilai untuk aktiviti anti-kulat, anti-bakteria dan penggalak pertumbuhan tumbuhan (PGP). Aktiviti anti-kulat tertinggi ditunjukkan oleh PA-PKS mentah (PA-PKS) dan ekstrak diklorometana PA-PKS (DPA-PKS) dengan 0% luas litupan permukaan oleh kulapuk dan sapstain biru pada blok kayu getah selepas pemerhatian selama 4 minggu. Aktiviti antikulat adalah disebabkan kehadiran fenol dan terbitan utamanya berdasarkan analisis GC-MS dan FT-IR. PA pekat daripada PB menunjukkan keupayaan anti-bakteria dengan tingkat perencatan pertumbuhan yang sama untuk Escherichia coli (13±1 to 20±1 mm) dan Corynebacterium agropyri (20±1 mm). PA-PB juga menunjukkan potensi untuk digunakan sebagai PGP dengan penambahan 2% (v/v) PA-PB kepada baja untuk pokok bendi memberikan jumlah daun dan buah tertinggi manakala 4% (v/v) PA-PB memberikan pertumbuhan pokok tertinggi, akar terpanjang, buah terberat dan diameter daun terbesar. Kesimpulannya, kajian ini telah berjaya menunjukkan potensi PA daripada biojisim lignoselulosa dalam pelbagai aplikasi.

 

Kata kunci: Antibakteria; antikulat; asid piroligneus; promoter pertumbuhan tumbuhan

 

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*Corresponding author; email: zainul@ibd.utm.my