Sains Malaysiana 45(9)(2016): 1381–1391

Which Aging Group Prone to Have Inadequate Nutrient Intake?: TUA Study

(Kumpulan Penuaan yang Mana Lebih Cenderung Terhadap Pengambilan Nutrien yang tidak Mencukupi?: Kajian TUA)

NIK NUR IZZATI NIK MOHD FAKHRUDDIN¹, SUZANA SHAHAR^1*, NURUL ATIQAH ABD AZIZ¹, HANIS MASTURA YAHYA² & ROSLEE RAJIKAN¹

¹Dietetic Programme, Centre of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory,

Malaysia

²Nutrition Programme, Centre of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory, Malaysia

Received: 3 January 2016/Accepted: 28 April 2016

ABSTRACT

Older adults quite often had an inadequate diet leading to micronutrient deficiencies and impaired immune response with subsequent development of degenerative diseases. This study aimed to determine the adequacy of energy and nutrient intake and its distribution among three aging groups i.e. successful aging (SA), usual aging (UA) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). This is a cross-sectional study involving a large sample size (n = 2322) of older adults recruited through multistage random sampling from four states of Malaysia. An interview was conducted to measure dietary intake, neurocognitive status and functional status by using the Diet History Questionnaire (DHQ), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Rey Auditory Learning Test (RAVLT), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Instrumental Activity of Daily Living (IADL) and Quality of Life Questionnaire. For comparison of dietary intake, a sub-sample of 173 respondents from each aging groups were matched and selected using a comparative cross-sectional approach. Women in SA group had the highest mean intake of vitamin A, calcium (p <0.05), vitamin C, riboflavin and iron (p<0.001). The same aging group also achieved the highest RNI percentage for the same nutrients. More than 80% of respondents for all aging groups did not met the recommended nutrient intake (RNI) for vitamin E, thiamin, niacin, folate, calcium and zinc. In women, MCI respondents were more likely to have an inadequate intake of vitamin A, C, riboflavin and iron followed by UA and SA. Inadequate vitamin E, niacin, folate and calcium were prevalent among all gender and aging groups. There is a need to further distinguish specific dietary patterns associated with these three aging groups to promote optimal nutrient intake for cognitive health.

Keywords: Elderly; mild cognitive impairment; nutrients intake; successful ageing; usual ageing

ABSTRAK

Warga tua seringkali mengambil diet yang tidak mencukupi yang membawa kepada masalah kekurangan nutrien serta menjejaskan tindak balas imun dan menjurus kepada berlakunya penyakit degeneratif. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan pengambilan tenaga dan nutrien serta pengagihannya dalam kalangan tiga kumpulan penuaan iaitu penuaan berjaya (SA), penuaan biasa (UA) dan kecelaan kognitif ringan (MCI). Kajian hirisan lintang ini melibatkan saiz sampel warga tua yang besar (n=2322) yang dipilih berdasarkan persampelan rawak pelbagai peringkat dari empat buah negeri di Malaysia. Temu bual telah dijalankan untuk mengukur pengambilan makanan, status neurokognitif serta status kefungsian dengan menggunakan Soal Selidik Sejarah Diet (DHQ), Pemeriksaan Keadaan Mental Mini (MMSE), Ujian Pembelajaran Lisan Pendengaran Rey (RAVLT), Skala Kekecewaan Geriatrik (GDS), Alatan Aktiviti Hidup Seharian (IADL) dan Soal Selidik Kualiti Hidup. Bagi perbandingan antara kumpulan penuaan, sebanyak 173 sub sampel daripada setiap kumpulan telah dipadankan dan dipilih menggunakan pendekatan perbandingan hirisan lintang. Wanita dari kumpulan SA mempunyai min pengambilan vitamin A, kalsium (p<0.05), vitamin C, riboflavin dan zat besi (p<0.001) yang paling tinggi. Kumpulan penuaan yang sama juga mencapai peratusan Saranan Pengambilan Makanan (RNI) yang paling tinggi bagi nutrien tersebut. Lebih daripada 80% subjek untuk semua kumpulan penuaan tidak mencapai saranan bagi vitamin E, tiamin, niasin, folat, kalsium dan zink. Pengambilan vitamin A, C, riboflavin dan niasin yang tidak mencukupi lebih cenderung terjadi dalam kalangan wanita daripada kumpulan MCI, diikuti UA dan SA. Kesimpulannya, pengambilan vitamin E, niasin, folat dan kalsium yang tidak mencukupi lazim terjadi dalam kalangan semua jantina dan kumpulan penuaan. Oleh itu, terdapat keperluan dalam menetukan corak pemakanan yang lebih spesifik yang berkaitan dengan kumpulan penuaan tersebut bagi menggalakkan pengambilan nutrien yang optimum bagi kesihatan kognitif.

Kata kunci: Kecelaan kognitif ringan; pengambilan nutrien; penuaan berjaya; penuaan biasa; warga tua

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*Corresponding author; email: suzana.shahar@ukm.edu.my