 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
Sains Malaysiana 46(12)(2017): 2441–2445 http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2017-4612-20
Bio-Oil and Biochar Derived from
the Pyrolysis of Palm Kernel Shell for Briquette (Minyak Biologi
dan Abu Biologi Janaan daripada Pirolisis Isirung Kelapa Sawit untuk Briket) NURHAYATI ABDULLAH1,
FAUZIAH
SULAIMAN1
& AMINU ALIYU SAFANA1,2* 1Universiti Sains
Malaysia, 11800 USM Penang, Pulau
Pinang, Malaysia 2Department of Physics, Federal University
Dutes (FUD), Nigeria Received: 8 March 2017/Accepted:
4 May 2017 ABSTRACT The objective of this study
was to produce briquette from the mixture of pyrolysis products.
Palm shell was pyrolyzed at a
temperature of 400°C for 2 h holding time and heating rate
of 10°C/min. The biochar and bio-oil ratio was
prepared at 3:1 weight percentages for briquette. The viscosity
of bio-oil was improved to increase the bonding forces.
The characterization of biochar, bio-oil, coal and briquette
were analyzed and presented in this study. The density and
compressive strength of briquette were, respectively, found
to be 0.94 gcm-3 and
3.20 Nmm-2. The shatter and water resistance of briquette were established
to be 97 and 96 wt. %, respectively. The high heating value
(HHV)
of briquette was 29.6 MJkg-1 greater than that of Malaysian sub-bituminous
coal 24.6 MJkg-1. It implies that the briquette
produced is stable, durable and qualitative. Therefore,
it can be concluded that the briquette can substitute coal
in some applications. Keywords: Biochar; bio-oil;
briquette; pyrolysis ABSTRAK Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk menghasilkan
briket daripada
campuran produk pirolisis. Isirung
kelapa sawit
telah dipirolisis pada suhu 400ºC selama 2 jam dengan kadar pemanasan
10ºC/min. Nisbah peratus
berat abu dan
minyak bagi
briket yang terhasil adalah 3:1. Kelikatan minyak bio telah
ditambahbaik untuk
meningkatkan daya ikatan. Ciri abu, arang batu dan briket
telah dianalisis
dan dibincang dalam
kajian ini.
Ketumpatan dan kekuatan mampatan
briket adalah
0.94 gcm-3
dan 3.20 Nmm-2. Rintangan
pecahan dan
air briket yang tercapai masing-masing adalah 97 and 96 %
bt. Nilai
pemanas tinggi
(HHV)
briket adalah
29.6 MJkg-1
dan lebih tinggi
daripada arang
batu bitumen Malaysia, iaitu 24.6
MJkg-1. Ini menunjukkan bahawa
briket yang terhasil
adalah stabil dan
tahan lama. Kesimpulannya, briket
yang terhasil boleh
menggantikan arang batu dalam kegunaan
tertentu. Kata kunci: Abu biologi; briket;
minyak biologi; pirolisis REFERENCES Abdullah, N. & Gerhauser, H. 2008. Bio-oil
derived from empty fruit bunches. Fuel 87(12): 2606-2613.
Adisak, P.,
James, O.T. & Anthony, V.B. 2006. Fast
pyrolysis of agricultural residues from cassava plantation
for bio-oil production. Paper presented at the 2nd
Joint International Conference on Sustainable Energy and
Environment. Bangkok, Thailand. November 21-23. Abnisa, F., Arami-Niya,
A., Wan, D. & Sahu, J.N. 2013a.
Characterization of bio-oil and bio-char from pyrolysis
of palm oil wastes. BioEnergy
Research 6(2): 830-840. Abnisa, F., Arami-Niya, A., Wan, D., Sahu, J.N.
& Noor, I.M. 2013b. Utilization of
oil palm tree residues to produce bio-oil and bio-char via
pyrolysis. Energy Conversion and Management 76:
1073-1082. Aziz, S.M.A., Rafeah,
W., Zainab, N. & Sinin, H.
2013. Bio-oils from microwave pyrolysis of agricultural wastes. Fuel
Processing Technology 106: 744-750. Baroni, E.D., Tannous, K., Rueda-Ordonez, Y.J. & Tinoco-
Navarro, L.K. 2016.
The applicability of isoconversional
models in estimating the kinetic parameters of biomass pyrolysis.
Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 123(2):
909-917. Bazargan, A., Rough, S.L.
& Mckay, G. 2014. Compaction of
palm kernel shell biochars for
application as solid fuel. Biomass and Bioenergy
70: 489-497. Chen, W.H., Cheng,
W.Y., Lu, K.M. & Huang, Y.P. 2011. An evaluation
on improvement of pulverized biomass property for solid
fuel through torrefaction. Applied Energy 88(11): 3636-3644.
Idris, S.S., Norazah, A.R. & Khudzir, I.
2012.
Combustion characteristics of Malaysian oil palm biomass,
sub-bituminous coal and their respective blends via thermogravimetric
analysis (TGA). Bioresource Technology 123: 581-591. Kaliyan, N. & Vance,
R.M. 2009.
Factors affecting strength and durability
of densified biomass products. Biomass and Bioenergy
33(3): 337-359. Kask, Ü., Šooš, L., Križan, P., Laurmaa, V., Aruniit, A., Kulu, P. & Kers, J. 2010. Determination of physical, mechanical and burning characteristics
of polymeric waste material briquettes. Estonian
Journal of Engineering 16(4): 307-316. Lam, P.S., Pak, Y.L., Shahab, S.,
Jim, L., Xiaotao, T.B., James,
D.S., Amadeus, P. & Warren, E.M. 2015. Steam
explosion of oil palm residues for the production of durable
pellets. Applied Energy 141:
160-166. Shyamalee, D., Amarasinghe, A.D.U.S. & Senanayaka,
N.S. 2015.
Evaluation of different binding materials in forming biomass
briquettes with saw dust. International Journal of Scientific
and Research Publications 5: 1-8. Sukiran, M.A., Chin,
C.M. & Bakar, N.K.A. 2009.
Bio-oils from pyrolysis of oil palm empty fruit bunches.
American Journal of Applied Sciences 6(5): 869-875.
Sulaiman, F. & Abdullah,
N. 2011.
Optimum conditions for maximising
pyrolysis liquids of oil palm empty fruit bunches.
Energy 36(5): 2352-2359. Sumathi, S., Chai, S.P.
& Mohamed, A.R. 2008.
Utilization of oil palm as a source of
renewable energy in Malaysia. Renewable and Sustainable
Energy Reviews 12(9): 2404-2421. Suparin, C., Suwit, S. & Prattana, K. 2007.
Development of fuel briquettes from biomass-lignite blends.
Journal Science 35(1): 43-50. Tembe, E.T., Otache, P.O. & Ekhuemelo, D.O.
2014.
Density, shatter index and combustion properties of briquettes
produced from groundnut shells, rice husks and saw dust
of Daniellia oliveri.
Journal of Applied Biosciences 82(1): 7372-7378.
Thangalazhy-Gopakumar, S., Sushil,
A., Harideepan, R., Ram, B.G.,
Oladiran, F., Maobing,
T. & Sandun, D.F. 2010.
Physiochemical properties of bio-oil produced at various
temperatures from pine wood using an auger reactor. Bioresource
Technology 101(21): 8389-8395. Uemura, Y., Wissam, N.O., Toshio, T. & Suzana,
B.Y. 2011.
Torrefaction of oil palm wastes. Fuel 90(8): 2585-2591.
Ward, B.J. 2013. Human fecal biochar briquettes from the sol-char toilet for use as
a solid fuel in the developing world. Master Thesis.
University of Colorado at Boulder (unpublished). Xiu, S. & Abolghasem S. 2012. Bio-oil production and upgrading research: A review.
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16(7): 4406-4414.
*Corresponding author; email: basalihe2@gmail.com
|
|||
|
