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Sains Malaysiana 46(2)(2017): 197–207 http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2017-4602-03
Distribution
and Temporal Behaviour of O3 and
NO2 Near Selected Schools in Seberang
Perai, Pulau Pinang and Parit Buntar, Perak, Malaysia (Sifat Taburan
dan Masa O3 dan NO2 Berdekatan Sekolah-sekolah Terpilih di Seberang
Perai, Pulau Pinang dan Parit Buntar, Perak, Malaysia)
NAZATUL SYADIA ZAINORDIN*, NOR AZAM RAMLI
& MAHER ELBAYOUMI
Environmental Assessment and Clean Air Research, School of
Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong
Tebal, Penang, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
Received: 11 January 2016/Accepted: 9 May 2016
ABSTRACT
Air quality has deteriorated in urban areas as a result of increased
anthropogenic activities. Quantitative information on the influence
of meteorological conditions on several pollutants in a tropical
climate is still lacking. Real-time ozone (O3)
and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels were measured
nearby selected schools in Malaysia to examine the impact of meteorological
factors on monitoring pollutants. The results showed the overall
10 min average concentrations of the main parameters during school
holiday were 24 ppb (O3)
and 33 ppb (NO2) while during school day the
overall 10 min average concentrations were 26 ppb (O3)
and 51 ppb (NO2). Although there are no minimum
requirements for short-term exposure by MAAQG,
if compared to 1 h average requirements, all concentrations were
still below the suggested values. Regarding spatial distribution,
a different trend in pollutant concentration among the schools was
observed because of the influence of temperature (AT) and wind speed (WS).
The results were verified by Pearson correlation, where significant correlations (p<0.01) were
determined between air pollutants and meteorological factors, which
were temperature, wind speed and relative humidity. Meanwhile, the
distribution of O3
was moderately correlated with NO2. However, the results
of multivariate analysis indicate that temperature and relative
humidity had the most significant influence on the formation of
O3.
In summary, the results of this study showed that all precursors
and meteorological parameters contribute to the production of O3.
Hence, reducing O3 precursors,
which are emitted by vehicles, is essential to lessening the exposure
to O3.
Keywords: Downwind transport; meteorological parameters; nitrogen
oxide; ozone; wet condition
ABSTRAK
Kualiti udara telah merosot di kawasan bandar akibat
daripada peningkatan aktiviti antropogen. Maklumat kuantitatif terhadap
pengaruh keadaan meteorologi kepada beberapa pencemar dalam iklim
tropika masih kurang. Kadar ozon (O3)
dan nitrogen dioksida (NO2) pada masa sebenar telah
diukur berdekatan beberapa sekolah yang telah dipilih di Malaysia
untuk menilai kesan factor meteorologi terhadap pencemar yang dipantau.
Keputusan menunjukkan kepekatan purata 10 min keseluruhan bagi parameter
utama semasa cuti sekolah adalah 24 ppb (O3) dan 33 ppb (NO2)
sementara semasa hari sekolah adalah 26 ppb (O3)
dan 51 ppb (NO2). Walaupun tiada syarat minimum
untuk pendedahan jangka pendek, jika dibandingkan dengan syarat
purata 1 jam, kesemua kepekatan ini masih di bawah nilai yang disarankan
oleh Garis Panduan Kualiti Udara Malaysia (MAAQG). Mengenai
taburan reruang, perbezaan trend bagi kepekatan pencemar antara
sekolah-sekolah diperhatikan, disebabkan pengaruh suhu dan kelajuan
angin. Keputusan telah dibuktikan melalui korelasi Pearson,
dengan korelasi ketaranya (p<0.01) ditentukan antara
pencemar udara dan faktor meteorologi, iaitu suhu, kelajuan angin
dan kelembapan relatif. Sementara itu, taburan
kepekatan O3
adalah berkolerasi sederhana dengan kepekatan NO2.
Namun begitu, keputusan daripada analisis multivariat
menunjukkan suhu dan kelembapan relatif mempunyai pengaruh yang
paling ketara dalam pembentukan O3. Secara
ringkas, keputusan daripada kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa semua
prapenanda O3
dan parameter meteorologi menyumbang kepada penghasilan
O3.
Justeru itu, pengurangan prapenanda O3
yang dihasilkan oleh kenderaan adalah sangat penting
dalam mengurangkan pendedahan terhadap pencemaran O3.
Kata kunci: Keadaan lembap; nitrogen dioksida;
ozon; parameter meteorologi; pembawaan angina
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*Corresponding author; email: nazatulsyadia@yahoo.com
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