Sains Malaysiana 46(3)(2017): 373–380

http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2017-4603-03

Evaluation of the Effect of Sidoarjo Mud on Aquatic Life Using Chromatophores and the Microstructure of Fish Scales

(Penilaian Kesan Lumpur Sidoarjo Terhadap Hidupan Akuatik Menggunakan Kromatofor dan Mikrostruktur Sisik Ikan)

DEWI HIDAYATI¹, NORELA SULAIMAN²*, B.S. ISMAIL², M. SHUHAIMI-OTHMAN² 

& M.E. DE BELLARD³

¹Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Science (FMIPA), Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya-60111, Indonesia

²School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

³Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, USA

Received: 10 October 2014/Accepted: 23 July 2016

ABSTRACT

The Sidoarjo mud is the first visible phenomenon of a mud volcano that occurs in a human settlement and which is subsequently channelled into a river. Clay, aluminium and iron were reported to be the dominant contaminants that could possibly come into contact with and accumulate on the surface of local fish and initiate alteration in scale microstructure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the extent of water body contamination in the Sidoarjo mud by evaluating the chromatophore density and microstructure deformation of fish scales that act as biomarkers. Scale samples were obtained from caged Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) fish that were placed downstream and upstream of the Sidoarjo mud spillway pipes. With respect to melanophore density, it was found that the scales of fish exposed in the downstream section were significantly lower in chromatophores (<50 chr/mm²) than the control scales in fish from the upstream station (>100 chr/mm²). This study suggested that the density of chromatophores was closely related to the concentration of total suspended solids (r = 0.69), which was possibly enhanced by iron (r = 0.56). Using scanning electron microscopy analysis, some deformation, i.e. irregularity of spherule shape and increasing pits in the space between ridges, were observed.

Keywords: Fish scale chromatophore; metal; SEM; Sidoarjo mud; suspended solid

ABSTRAK

Lumpur Sidoarjo adalah fenomena pertama daripada gunung lumpur yang berlaku di kawasan berpenghuni dan disalurkan terus ke dalam sungai. Tanah liat, aluminium dan besi dilaporkan sebagai bahan cemar dominan yang mungkin boleh bersentuhan dan berkumpul di permukaan badan ikan tempatan dan menyebabkan perubahan pada mikrostruktur sisik. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menilai kesan pencemaran lumpur Sidoarjo pada jasad air menggunakan ketumpatan kromatofor dan perubahan bentuk mikrostruktur pada sisik ikan yang bertindak sebagai penanda biologi. Sampel sisik diperoleh daripada ikan tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) yang dikurung di dalam sangkar dan diletak di hulu dan hilir paip efluen lumpur Sidoarjo. Ketumpatan kromatofor pada sisik ikan yang terdedah di kawasan hilir adalah jauh lebih rendah (<50 kromatofor/mm²) dibandingkan dengan ikan dari kawasan hulu atau kawalan (>100 kromatofor/mm²). Kajian ini mencadangkan bahawa ketumpatan kromatofor berkait rapat dengan kepekatan pepejal terampai (r=0.69) yang mungkin dipertingkatkan oleh kepekatan besi (r=0.56). Berdasarkan analisis mikrostruktur menggunakan mikroskop imbasan elektron (SEM), beberapa perubahan bentuk dijumpai, iaitu ketidakteraturan bentuk sferul dan peningkatan lubang pada permukaan sisik di antara rabung.

Kata kunci: Kromatofor sisik ikan; logam; lumpur Sidoarjo; pepejal terampai; SEM

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*Corresponding author; email: vozela@ukm.edu.my