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Sains Malaysiana 47(10)(2018):
2533–2542 http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2018-4710-30
Rediscovery of Nycticebus coucang insularis Robinson, 1917 (Primates: Lorisidae) at Tioman Island and its Mitochondrial Genetic Assessment (Penemuan Semula
Nycticebus coucang
insularis Robinson, 1917 (Primate:
Lorisidae) di Pulau Tioman dan Penilaian
Genetik Mitokondrianya) JEFFRINE J. ROVIE-RYAN1,2*,
MILLAWATI
GANI1,
HAN
MING
GAN3,4,
GILMOORE
G.
BOLONGON5,
TAN
CHENG
CHENG5,
NORAZLINDA
RAZAK5,
NORSYAMIMI
ROSLI1,
2, MOHD AZIZOL AZIZ5
& KALIP MATKASIM6 1National
Wildlife Forensic Laboratory (NWFL), Ex-Situ Conservation Division,
Department of Wildlife and National Parks (PERHILITAN),
KM
10 Jalan Cheras,
56100 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory, Malaysia 2Institute
of Tropical Biodiversity and Sustainable Development, Universiti
Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus,
Terengganu Darul Iman, Malaysia 3School
of Life & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering
and Built Environment, Deakin University, Locked Bag 20001,
Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia 4Genomic
Facility, School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan
Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang
Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia 5Biodiversity Conservation
Division, Department of Wildlife and National Parks (PERHILITAN),
KM
10 Jalan Cheras,
56100 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory, Malaysia 6Institute of Biodiversity,
Department of Wildlife and National Parks (PERHILITAN),
Bukit Rengit, 28500 Lanchang,
Pahang Darul Makmur,
Malaysia Received:
19 August 2017/ Accepted: 21 June 2018 ABSTRACT Slow lorises (Nycticebus) consist of eight species native to Southeast Asia while three
species are recognised in Malaysia
- N. coucang, N. menagensis and
N. kayan. This study reports
on the rediscovery of the subspecies N. coucang
insularis Robinson, 1917 in Tioman
Island and the genetic assessment of its mitochondrial DNA variation.
Morphological measurements conform the specimen as the putative
N. coucang but with distinct colour and markings. Two mitochondrial DNA segments
(cytochrome b and control region) were produced from
the subspecies representing their first registered sequences
in GenBank. Genetically, the subspecies
showed 99% of nucleotide similarity to N. coucang species type for both the DNA segments
and constitute its own unique haplotype. Phylogenetic trees
constructed using three methods (neighbour
joining, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference) showed two
major groups within Nycticebus;
the basal group was formed by N. pygmaeus
while the second group consisted of the remaining Nycticebus
species. The phylogenetic position of the subspecies,
however, remains unresolved due to the observed mixing between
N. coucang and N. bengalensis.
Several reasons could lead to this condition including the
lack of well documented voucher specimens and the short DNA fragments
used. In addition, the possibility of hybridisation
event between N. coucang and
N. bengalensis could not be excluded as a possible explanation
since both species occur sympatrically
at the Isthmus of Kra region until
the Thailand-Malaysia border. The rediscovery of this subspecies
displays the unique faunal diversity that justifies the importance
of Tioman Island as a protected area.
Keywords: mtDNA; Nycticebus coucang
insularis; phylogenetic relationships;
rediscovery; subspecies ABSTRAK Kongkang (Nycticebus) terdiri daripada
lapan spesies
yang berasal dari Asia Tenggara dengan tiga spesies
dijumpai di Malaysia - N. coucang,
N. menagensis dan
N. kayan. Kajian ini melaporkan
penemuan semula
subspesies N. coucang insularis Robinson,
1917 di Pulau Tioman
dan penilaian genetik
DNA
mitochondrianya.
Ukuran morfologi yang diambil pada individu
tersebut menunjukkan
ia menyerupai
spesies putatif
N. coucang namun
terdapat perbezaan
warna dan tanda
pada badan.
Dua segmen DNA mitokondria
(sitokrom b
dan rantau kawalan) dihasilkan daripada subspesies tersebut merupakan jujukan DNA pertama yang didaftarkan dalam GenBank. Secara genetik, subspesies ini menunjukkan 99% persamaan nukleotida kepada jenis spesies
N. coucang
pada kedua-dua segmen DNA dan membentuk haplotip tersendiri. Pohon filogeni yang dibina menggunakan tiga kaedah (jiran sambung,
kebolehjadian maksimum
dan pentakbiran Bayesian)
mendedahkan dua kumpulan utama dalam Nycticebus; kumpulan dasar dibentuk oleh N. pygmaeus manakala kumpulan kedua terdiri daripada spesies Nycticebus yang lain.
Kedudukan filogenetik subspesies
ini bagaimanapun
masih tidak dapat
diuraikan kerana
pencampuran yang diperhatikan antara N. coucang dan N. bengalensis.
Beberapa
sebab boleh membawa
kepada keadaan
ini termasuk kekurangan
dokumentasi baucer
spesimen yang betul dan jujukan DNA pendek yang digunakan dalam analisis. Selain itu, kemungkinan kejadian hibridisasi antara N. coucang dan N. bengalensis tidak boleh dikecualikan
sebagai penjelasan
kerana kedua-dua spesies wujud secara
simpatri dari
kawasan Isthmus of Kra hingga sempadan Thailand-Malaysia.
Penemuan semula subspesies
ini memaparkan
kepelbagaian fauna unik di Pulau Tioman yang menunjukkan kepentingannya sebagai kawasan perlindungan. Kata kunci: Hubungan filogenetik; mtDNA;
Nycticebus coucang insularis;
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