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Sains Malaysiana 47(10)(2018):
2543–2556 http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2018-4710-31
Challenges in Predicting Risks of Premature Coronary Artery Disease (Pcad) (Cabaran dalam
Meramal Risiko
Penyakit Arteri Koronari Pramatang (Pcad)) MUHAMMAD
FAIZAN
A.
SHUKOR1,2*, NOOR AKMAL
SHAREELA
ISMAIL1
& WAN ZURINAH WAN
NGAH1 1Department of Biochemistry,
Faculty of Medicine, UKM Medical Centre, Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan
Ya’acob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory, Malaysia 2Centre for Chemical
Defense, Universiti Pertahanan
Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kem Sungai
Besi, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory, Malaysia Received: 21 May 2018
/Accepted: 25 June 2018 ABSTRACT Coronary artery disease
(CAD) predominantly manifests in older population above the
age of 60 years old. The incidence of CAD in
younger individuals has been reported and is called premature
CAD (pCAD). The prevalence for pCAD in
individuals below 45 years old is about 3-10% worldwide. Advances
in risk prediction are of great importance as absolute values
of risk factors sometimes correlate poorly with individuals.
The measurement of traditional risk factors such as cholesterol
level and blood pressure might be inadequate to predict risk
for pCAD and
therefore new biomarkers are required. The introduction of omics
technology offers insight into the mechanism and interactions
involved during disease progression and open the possibilities
of discovering new biomarkers. Currently, new potential biomarkers
for pCAD have
been explored such as homocysteine, apolipoproteins, microRNAs
and single nucleotide polymorphisms. In this review, we discussed
the associated risk factors for pCAD,
several reported and newly proposed biomarkers and their potential
to be used clinically. Keywords: Atherosclerosis;
biomarker; premature coronary artery disease ABSTRAK Penyakit arteri koronari
(CAD)
sering berlaku
dalam populasi yang berumur 60 tahun ke atas. Walau bagaimanapun, kejadian
dalam individu
muda yang dipanggil CAD
pramatang (pCAD)
telah dilaporkan.
Prevalens pCAD bagi
individu di bawah
umur 45 tahun adalah
3-10% di seluruh dunia.
Kemajuan
dalam meramal risiko
adalah penting
kerana nilai faktor
risiko mutlak
kadangkala berkorelasi lemah dengan individu.
Pengukuran faktor
risiko tradisi seperti paras kolesterol
dan tekanan
darah mungkin tidak
mencukupi untuk
meramal risiko pCAD, oleh itu penanda biologi
baru diperlukan.
Pengenalan teknologi omik memberikan lebih kefahaman terhadap mekanisme dan interaksi
yang berlaku sewaktu
perkembangan penyakit dan membuka kemungkinan
untuk penemuan
penanda biologi baru. Ketika ini, penanda
biologi pCAD yang
baru telah
diteroka seperti homosisteina, apolipoprotein, mikroRNA dan polimorfisma nukleotida tunggal. Dalam ulasan ini, kami membincangkan tentang faktor risiko pCAD yang
berkaitan, beberapa
penanda biologi yang dilaporkan dan yang baru dicadangkan dan potensi mereka
untuk digunakan
secara klinikal. Kata kunci: Aterosklerosis;
penanda biologi;
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