Sains Malaysiana 47(3)(2018): 523–530

http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2018-4703-12

Heavy Metals Leaching Behaviour Assessment of Palm Oil Clinker

(Penilaian Tingkah Laku Larut Lesap Logam Berat Klinker Minyak Sawit)

MOHAMMAD RAZAUL KARIM^1*, SUMIANI YUSOFF¹, HASHIM ABDUL RAZAK¹, FAISAL I. CHOWDHURY² & HOSSAIN ZABED³

¹Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory, Malaysia

²Center for Ionics, Department of Physics, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory, Malaysia

³Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory, Malaysia

Received: 26 July 2017/Accepted: 24 October 2017

ABSTRACT

Technical benefit of incorporation of Palm Oil Clinker (POC) in cement-based applications has been proven in recent studies. The aim of this work was to assess the heavy metal leaching behavior to ensure environmental safety of using POC in cement-based applications. The chemical composition, morphology, total organic carbon (TOC) and mineralogy were determined using XRF, FESEM, TOC analyzers and XRD to select appropriate chemical reagents for complete digestion. HNO₃, HF and HClO₄ were used for digestion of POC to measure heavy metal content using ICP-MS. The chemical reagents CH₃COOH, NH₂OH-HCl, H₂O₂+CH₃COONH₄ and HF+HNO₃+HCl were used for extraction of acid soluble, reducible, oxidizable and residual fractions of heavy metals in POC, respectively. The leaching toxicity of the POC was investigated by the USEPA 1311 TCLP method. The result showed the presence of Be, V, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Ag, Cd, Ba and Pb with levels of 5.13, 11.02, 2.65, 1.93, 45.43, 11.84, 15.07, 0, 0, 81.97 and 1.76 mg/kg, respectively, in POC. The leaching value in mg/L of As (4.56), Cu(1.05), Be (0.89), Zn(0.51), Ba(0.26), Ni (0.17), V(0.15), Cr(0.001) and Se (0.001) is found well below the standard limit of risk. Risk assessment code (RAC) analysis confirms the safe incorporation of POC in cement-based applications.

Keywords: Cement-based applications; heavy metal; leaching toxicity; palm oil clinker; risk assessment code

ABSTRAK

Manfaat teknikal penggabungan Clinker Minyak Sawit (POC) dalam aplikasi berasaskan simen telah terbukti dalam kajian ini. Tujuan kerja ini adalah untuk menilai tingkah laku larut lesap logam berat untuk memastikan keselamatan alam sekitar menggunakan POC dalam aplikasi berasaskan simen. Komposisi kimia, morfologi, jumlah karbon organik (TOC) dan mineralogi ditentukan menggunakan XRF, FESEM, penganalisis TOC dan XRD untuk memilih bahan uji kimia yang sesuai untuk pencernaan yang lengkap. HNO₃, HF dan HClO₄ digunakan untuk pencernaan POC untuk mengukur kandungan logam berat menggunakan ICP-MS. Bahan uji kimia CH₃COOH, NH2OH-HCl, H₂O₂+ CH₃COONH₄ dan HF+ HNO₃+ HCl digunakan untuk pengekstrakan asid larut, penurunan, pengoksidaan dan sisa pecahan logam berat masing-masing dalam POC. Ketoksikan lesapan POC telah dikaji menggunakan kaedah USEPA 1311 TCLP. Keputusan menunjukkan kehadiran Be, V, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Ag, Cd, Ba dan Pb dengan tahap 5.13, 11.02, 2.65, 1.93, 45.43, 11.84, 15.07, 0, 0, 81.97 dan 1.76 mg /kg, masing-masing dalam POC. Nilai lesapam dalam mg/L As (4.56), Cu (1.05), Be (0.89), Zn (0.51), Ba (0.26), Ni (0.17), V (0.15), Cr (0.001) 0.001) didapati jauh daripada batasan piawaian risiko. Analisis kod penilaian risiko (RAC) mengesahkan keselamatan pematuhan POC dalam aplikasi berasaskan simen

Kata kunci: Aplikasi berasaskan simen; ketoksikan larut lesap; klinker minyak sawit; logam berat; penilaian kod risiko

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*Corresponding author; email: mrkakanda@yahoo.com