Sains Malaysiana 47(9)(2018): 1999–2008

http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2018-4709-07

Optimisation of Cinnamaldehyde-in-water Nanoemulsion Formulation using Central Composite Rotatable Design

(Pengoptimuman Formulasi Nanoemulsi Sinamaldehid dalam Air Menggunakan Reka Bentuk Komposit Putaran Tengah)

ASMAWATI M. SAIL^1,2, WAN AIDA WAN MUSTAPHA^1*, SALMA MOHAMAD YUSOP¹,

MOHAMAD YUSOF MASKAT¹ & AHMAD FUAD SHAMSUDDIN^3,4

¹School of Chemical Science and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

²Agricultural Product Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia

³Centre for Drug Delivery Research, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory, Malaysia

⁴Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Science, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, No 3 Jalan Greentown, 30450 Ipoh, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia

Received: 12 September 2017/Accepted: 1 June 2018

ABSTRACT

Thirteen formulations of cinnamaldehyde/non-ionic surfactant/water system nanoemulsions were prepared using high-pressure homogenisation. The result showed that varying the cinnamaldehyde/surfactant ratio had effect significantly (p<0.05) to mean droplet diameter, polidispersity index, ζ-potential, turbidity and whiteness index, while no significant effect (p>0.05) to viscosity. The mean droplet diameter ranged from 50.48 to 106.4 nm, polydispersity index from 0.06 to 0.28 and ζ-potential from -4.11 to -6.98 mV. The smallest droplet size was produced using 5% cinnamaldehyde and 5% Tween 80. Response surface for droplet diameter showed that the higher the cinnamaldehyde and surfactant concentrations, the larger the droplet diameter, polydispersity index and whiteness index. However, the ζ-potential increased as the cinnamaldehyde concentration decreased and Tween 80 increased. Increasing the cinnamaldehyde concentration led to an increase in turbidity. Formulation of 5% cinnamaldehyde and 6.23% Tween 80 gave no observable separation of the nanoemulsion with minimum droplet size, polidispersity index, viscosity, turbidity, whiteness index and maximum ζ-potential in modulus. The stability of the optimum formulation was sustained for 10 days upon storage at 4°C. The values of droplet diameter, PDI and ζ-potential were 55.50 nm, 0.08 and -5.38 mV, respectively.

Keywords: Cinnamaldehyde; formation; high-pressure homogenisation; nanoemulsion; optimization

ABSTRAK

Tiga belas formulasi nanoemulsi sistem sinamaldehid/surfaktan bukan ion/air telah disediakan menggunakan homogenisasi tekanan tinggi. Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa perlakuan nisbah sinamaldehid/surfaktan memberi kesan yang signifikan (p<0.05) terhadap rerata diameter titisan, indeks polidispersiti, ζ-potensial, kekeruhan dan indeks keputihan, namun tidak berpengaruh signifikan (p>0.05) terhadap kepekatan. Nilai rerata diameter titisan berkisar antara 50.48 hingga 106.4 nm, indeks polidispersiti daripada 0.06 hingga 0.28, dan ζ-potensial dari -4.11 hingga -6.98 mV. Saiz titisan terkecil dihasilkan menggunakan sinamaldehid 5% dan 5% Tween 80. Tindak balas permukaan untuk diameter titisan menunjukkan bahawa lebih tinggi kepekatan sinamaldehid dan surfaktan, semakin besar pula diameter titisan, indeks polidispersiti dan indeks keputihan. Walau bagaimanapun, potensi ζ meningkat apabila kepekatan sinamaldehid menurun dan Tween 80 meningkat. Peningkatan kepekatan sinamaldehid menyebabkan peningkatan kekeruhan. Formulasi sinamaldehid 5% dan 6.23% Tween 80 tidak ditemukan adanya pengasingan nanoemulsi dengan diameter saiz titisan, indeks polidispersiti, kelikatan, kekeruhan dan indeks keputihan yang minimum dan maksimum nilai ζ-potensial dalam modulus. Kestabilan formulasi optimum dikekalkan selama 10 hari tempoh penyimpanan pada suhu 4°C. Nilai diameter titisan, indeks polidispersiti dan ζ-potensial masing-masing adalah 55.50 nm, 0.08 dan -5.38 mV.

Kata kunci: Homogenisasi tekanan tinggi; nanoemulsi; pembentukan; pengoptimuman; sinamaldehid

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*Corresponding author; email: wanaidawm@ukm.edu.my