Sains Malaysiana 48(3)(2019): 497–507

http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2019-4803-02

Damaging Insect Pests and Diseases and Their Threats to Agarwood Tree Plantations

(Serangga Perosak dan Penyakit Berbahaya serta Ancamannya terhadap Perladangan Pokok Gaharu)

SAMSUDDIN AHMAD SYAZWAN^1,2, SHIOU YIH LEE¹, SU PING ONG³ & ROZI MOHAMED¹*

¹Forest Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Forest Management, Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

²Mycology and Pathology Branch, Forest Biodiversity Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, 52109 Kepong, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

³Entomology Branch, Forest Biodiversity Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, 52109 Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia

Received: 18 May 2018/Accepted: 12 December 2018

ABSTRACT

The cultivation of agarwood tree species such as Aquilaria has grown dramatically during the last ten years. This development is driven by the desire to produce sustainable agarwood to meet the high market demand. In the past, the main source of agarwood had been from natural forests, which resources are now declining. Although there are various examples of pests and diseases affecting early plantations, these damages were often overlooked. Recently, the emergence of new pests and diseases in large-scale Aquilaria tree plantations has raised concerns among planters and researchers, as the damage level to the trees may vary from unsubstantial to tree mortality. Lack of information on the types of pests and diseases in Aquilaria plantations makes it difficult to properly manage these threats, leading to economic losses. This review summarizes the insect pests and diseases known to damage cultivated agarwood trees in various countries including China, India, Indonesia, and Malaysia. As we learn from the cultivation practices of other monoculture crops, these insect pests and pathogens are a major challenge to the healthy growth of agarwood trees. The implementation of an integrated pest and disease management at an early stage of plantation establishment may hold the key to help control and contain these threats from turning into major outbreaks.

Keywords: Aquilaria; good agriculture practice; Gyrinops; pest and disease management; Thymelaeaceae

ABSTRAK

Penanaman pokok spesies gaharu seperti Aquilaria telah berkembang secara intensif sejak sepuluh tahun yang lepas. Perkembangan ini didorong oleh keinginan menghasilkan gaharu secara mampan bagi memenuhi permintaan pasaran yang tinggi. Pada suatu ketika dahulu, sumber utama kayu gaharu adalah dari hutan semula jadi, walau bagaimanapun, sumbernya kini telah merosot. Walaupun pada awalnya terdapat pelbagai contoh perosak dan penyakit yang menjejaskan perladangan telah diperhatikan, namun kesannya sering diabaikan. Kebelakangan ini, kemunculan perosak dan penyakit baharu di dirian Aquilaria berskala besar telah menimbulkan kebimbangan dalam kalangan penanam dan penyelidik, memandangkan tahap kerosakan pada pokok ini mungkin berbeza; bermula dengan ketidakstabilan sehingga mampu menyebabkan kematian. Kekurangan maklumat terhadap jenis perosak dan penyakit di ladang Aquilaria telah menyukarkan proses pengurusan lalu mengakibatkan kerugian daripada segi ekonomi. Ulasan ini merangkumi serangga perosak dan penyakit yang terbabit dalam kerosakan pokok gaharu yang ditanam di beberapa negara termasuk China, India, Indonesia dan Malaysia. Seperti yang kita pelajari daripada amalan penanaman monokultur yang lain, perosak serangga dan patogen merupakan cabaran besar bagi tumbesaran pokok gaharu yang sihat. Pelaksanaan pengurusan perosak dan penyakit bersepadu pada peringkat awal penubuhan perladangan merupakan kunci bagi pengawalan dan sekatan kepada ancaman daripada terjadinya wabak.

Kata kunci: Amalan pertanian baik; Aquilaria; Gyrinops; pengurusan perosak dan penyakit; Thymelaeaceae

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*Corresponding author; email: rozimohd@upm.edu.my