Sains Malaysiana 48(5)(2019): 1035–1042

http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2019-4805-12

 

The Influence of Surfactant/Co-Surfactant Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance on the Formation of Limonene-Based Microemulsion as Vitamin C Carrier

(Pengaruh Keseimbangan Hidrofilik-Lipofilik Surfaktan/Ko-Surfaktan terhadap Pembentukan Mikroemulsi Berasaskan Limonena sebagai Pembawa Vitamin C)

 

RAMLI, S.^1,2*, CHYI, K.T.¹, ZAINUDDIN, N.¹, MOKHTAR, W.N.A.W.¹ & ABDUL RAHMAN, I.³

 

¹Centre for Advanced Materials and Renewable Resources, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

 

²Polymer Research Center, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

 

³Nuclear Technology Research Center, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

 

Received: 5 December 2018/Accepted: 19 March 2019

 

ABSTRACT

This research was conducted to produce a limonene-based microemulsion system as vitamin C carrier. The microemulsion was produced using limonene as the oil phase, tween20 and tween80 as surfactants while propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol 400 and glycerol as co-surfactants. Pseudo-ternary phase diagrams were constructed to determine the microemulsion area by using the water titration method at 25°C. The effect of hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value of the mixture of S/CoS on the formation of limonene-based microemulsion was studied. The HLB value calculated for the mixture of tween20/propylene glycol in the different ratio was between 10.1 and 13.4. From the experiment, the preparation of limonene-based microemulsion system with tween20/propylene glycol was able to provide large and high stability of microemulsion region on ternary phase diagram (23.6%) while higher HLB value resulted in larger microemulsion area in ternary phase diagrams. The sole formulation with propylene glycol was further selected to carry out the physicochemical characterization of system’s stability, particle size and electrical conductivity. All microemulsion systems showed good stability for four weeks at temperature of 4, 25 and 40°C without any phase change and separation. Particle size characterization results elucidated that all microemulsion systems consisted particle size between 20 and 100 nm. The study of electrical conductivity showed that water-in-oil microemulsion was formed from 5-45% wt. of water whereas bicontinuous microemulsion was formed from 50-90% wt. of water content. Overall, the result showed that microemulsion tween20/propylene glycol/limonene/water was potential as a carrier system of vitamin C.

 

Keywords: HLB; limonene; microemulsion; propylene glycol; tween20

 

ABSTRAK

Kajian ini dijalankan untuk menghasilkan satu sistem mikroemulsi berasaskan limonena sebagai pembawa vitamin C. Mikroemulsi dihasilkan dengan menggunakan limonena sebagai fasa minyak, campuran tween20 dan tween80 sebagai surfaktan, manakala propilena glikol, polietilena glikol 400 dan gliserol bertindak sebagai ko-surfaktan. Rajah fasa pseudo-ternari dibina bagi menentukan keluasan rantau pembentukan mikroemulsi yang menggunakan kaedah penitratan air pada suhu 25°C. Kesan nilai keseimbangan hidrofilik-lipofilik (HLB) bagi campuran S/KoS terhadap pembentukan mikroemulsi berasaskan limonena turut dikaji. Nilai HLB bagi campuran tween20/propilene glikol dalam pelbagai nisbah adalah antara 10.1 dan 13.4. Penyediaan sistem mikroemulsi berasaskan limonena dengan tween20/propilena glikol berupaya memberikan rantau mikroemulsi yang luas pada gambar rajah fasa ternari (23.6%). Berdasarkan kajian ini, nilai HLB yang tinggi telah memberikan rantau mikroemulsi yang lebih luas pada gambar rajah fasa ternari. Formulasi yang terdiri daripada propilena glikol dipilih untuk pencirian fizikokimia yang melibatkan kestabilan sistem, saiz partikel dan kekonduksian elektrik. Perbandingan sifat fizikokimia dilakukan bagi sistem mikroemulsi yang mengandungi vitamin C serta sistem asas tanpa penambahan vitamin C. Kesemua sistem mikroemulsi yang dikaji menunjukkan kestabilan yang tinggi selama empat minggu pada suhu 4, 25 dan 40°C tanpa sebarang perubahan dan pemisahan fasa. Pencirian saiz partikel menunjukkan sistem mikroemulsi mempunyai saiz partikel antara 20 dan 100 nm. Ujian kekonduksian elektrik pula menunjukkan mikroemulsi jenis air-dalam-minyak (a/m) terbentuk bagi peratusan air 5-45% bt. manakala peratusan air antara 50-90% bt. membentuk mikroemulsi dwiselanjar. Secara keseluruhan, sistem mikroemulsi tween20/propilena glikol/limonena/air berpotensi sebagai sistem pembawa vitamin C.

 

Kata kunci: HLB; limonena; mikroemulsi; propilena glikol; tween20

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*Corresponding author; email: su_ramli@ukm.edu.my