Sains Malaysiana 49(4)(2020): 809-816

http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2020-4904-10

3D Titanium Scaffold Properties and Osteogenesis of Stem Cells

(Sifat PerancahTitanium 3D danOsteogenesis Sel Stem)

ROHAYA MEGAT ABDUL WAHAB^1*, MANAL NABIL HAGAR¹, NUR ATMALIYA LUCHMAN¹, FARINAWATI YAZID¹ & SHAHRUL HISHAM ZAINAL ARIFFIN²

¹Centre for Family Oral Health, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory, Malaysia

²Centre for Biotechnology and Functional Food, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

Received: 8 February 2019/Accepted: 6 December 2019

ABSTRACT

Studies on porous titanium for use in dental applications have been growing due to their excellent properties such as low elastic modulus, biocompatibility and excellent strength. The porosity and pore size of titanium scaffold play an important role in bone formation. Thus, this paper reviews the properties of titanium scaffold and the relationship between the porosity and pore size of titanium with the osteogenesis of stem cells in respect of its mechanical properties and biological assessment.  From this review, it was found that a pore size of less than 300 µm allows for good vascularization that can lead to direct osteogenesis without an interphase of cartilage formation. The minimum requirement for pore size is approximately 100 µm to assist in the migration requirement, cell size and transport, as a smaller pore size causes a hypoxic condition and induces osteochondral formation before osteogenesis, while a pore size from 500 to 1000 µm affects the differentiation of the stem cells. In addition, it was found that high porosity induces osteogenesis. The average porosity of the scaffold for cell proliferation was between 25-50 µm. In conclusion, highly porous titanium is a useful modern material for creating 3D structures for bone regeneration and implant fixation.

Keywords: Bone regeneration; pore size; porosity; stem cell; titanium scaffold

ABSTRAK

Kajian mengenai titanium berliang telah berkembang pesat dalam aplikasi pergigian disebabkan oleh ciri-ciri istimewanya seperti modulus kenyal, bioserasi dan kekuatan bahan. Keliangan dan saiz liang perancah titanium memainkan peranan yang penting dalam proses pembentukan tulang. Ciri-ciri perancah titanium dan hubungan antara keliangan dan saiz liang titanium dengan osteogenesis sel stem serta perkaitannya dengan sifat mekanik dan penilaian biologi diulas dalam artikel ini. Daripada ulasan ini, didapati bahawa saiz liang yang kurang daripada 300 μm membenarkan vaskularisasi yang baik yang boleh menyebabkan osteogenesis secara langsung tanpa interfasa daripada pembentukan rawan. Saiz liang minimum yang diperlukan adalah lebih kurang 100 μmdan ia sesuai bagi saiz sel dan pengangkutanserta membantu dalam migrasi sel kerana saiz liang yang lebih kecil boleh menyebabkan keadaan hipoksia dan merangsang pembentukan osteokondral sebelum osteogenesis. Saiz liang antara 500 hingga 1000 μm pula memberi kesan kepada pembezaan sel stem. Selain daripada itu, didapati bahawa peningkatan keliangan juga dapat merangsang osteogenesis. Purata keliangan bagi perancah untuk membantu proliferasi sel adalah antara 25-50 μm. Kesimpulannya, titanium yang mempunyai keliangan yang tinggi sesuai menjadi bahan moden untuk pembentukan struktur 3D bagi penjanaan semula tulang dan penetapan implan.

Kata kunci: Keliangan; penjanaan semula tulang; perancah titanium; saiz liang; sel stem

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*Corresponding author; email: rohaya_megat@ukm.edu.my