Sains Malaysiana 49(6)(2020): 1313-1322

http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2020-4906-09

Trihoney Suppresses Soluble Adhesion Molecules (ICAM-1 and VCAM-1) in Hypercholesterolemic Atherosclerotic Rabbits: A Comparative Study with Atorvastatin

(Trihoney Menekan Molekul Pelekatan Larut (ICAM-1 dan VCAM-1) pada Arnab Aterosklerotik Hiperkolesterolemik: Kajian Perbandingan dengan Atorvastatin)

Hamad Abdul Salam Hamad Alfarisi¹, Muhammad Ibrahim*¹, Zenab B. Hamad Mohamed¹, Asmah Hanim Hamdan² & Che Anuar Che Mohamad³

¹Department of Nutrition Sciences, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang Darul Makmur, Malaysia

²Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang Darul Makmur, Malaysia

³Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang Darul Makmur, Malaysia

Received: 21 December 2019/Accepted: 9 March 2020

ABSTRACT

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease and high serum cholesterol proven as the main trigger of its pathogenesis. Development of atherosclerotic lesions is closely related to the level of serum cholesterol. Expression of adhesion molecules has been correlated with the extent of aortic lesions. Serum circulating forms of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) have been detected in high levels in vascular inflammatory diseases. Honey has been shown to diminish the expression of VCAM-1 in vascular endothelium. Thirty-six male New Zealand white (NZW) rabbits were grouped into: normal diet (C), normal diet with 0.6 g/kg/day of Trihoney (C+H), 1% cholesterol diet (HCD), 1% cholesterol diet with 0.3 g/kg/day of Trihoney (HCD+H₁), 1% cholesterol diet with 0.6 g/kg/day of Trihoney (HCD+H₂) and 1% cholesterol diet with 2 mg/kg/day of atorvastatin (HCD+At). Animals were sacrificed after 12 weeks of treatment. Serum was analysed for lipids, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. Atherosclerotic plaques in the aorta were quantified. Serum ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 were significantly elevated in the HCD group when compared to the control groups. Groups Supplemented with Trihoney showed a significant suppression of serum ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in comparison to the HCD group. Serum ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 exhibited a significant positive correlation with serum cholesterol. Serum VCAM-1 showed a significant positive correlation with the percentage of aortic lesions. Results of this study showed that Trihoney has anti-atherosclerotic potential through suppression of adhesion molecules. Trihoney was comparable to atorvastatin and may be suggested as an adjuvant remedy for protection against atherosclerosis.

Keywords: Adhesion molecules; atorvastatin; cholesterol; Trihoney  

ABSTRAK

Aterosklerosis adalah penyakit keradangan kronik dan kolesterol serum yang tinggi terbukti sebagai pencetus utama patogenesisnya. Perkembangan lesi aterosklerotik berkait rapat dengan tahap kolesterol serum. Ekspresi molekul lekatan telah berkorelasi dengan sejauh mana lesi aorta. Bentuk peredaran serum molekul lekatan antara sel (1 ICAM-1) dan molekul lekatan sel vaskular-1 (VCAM-1) telah dikesan pada tahap tinggi dalam penyakit radang vaskular. Madu terbukti dapat mengurangkan ekspresi VCAM-1 pada endotelium vaskular. Tiga puluh enam ekor arnab putih New Zealand (NZW) dikelompokkan kepada: diet normal (C), diet normal dengan 0.6 g/kg/day Trihoney (C+H), 1% diet kolesterol  (HCD), 1% kolesterol diet dengan 0.3 g/kg/day Trihoney (HCD+ H₁), 1% diet kolesterol dengan 0.6 g/kg/day Trihoney (HCD+H₂) dan 1%diet kolesterol  dengan 2 mg/kg/day atorvastatin (HCD + At). Haiwan dikorbankan setelah 12 minggu rawatan. Serum dianalisis untuk lipid, ICAM-1 dan VCAM-1. Plak aterosklerotik di aorta diukur. Serum ICAM-1 dan VCAM-1 meningkat secara signifikan dalam kumpulan HCD jika dibandingkan dengan kumpulan kawalan. Kumpulan yang diberi Trihoney menunjukkan penekanan serum ICAM-1 dan VCAM-1 yang signifikan berbanding dengan kumpulan HCD. Serum ICAM-1 dan VCAM-1 menunjukkan korelasi positif yang signifikan dengan kolesterol serum. Serum VCAM-1 menunjukkan korelasi positif yang signifikan dengan peratusan lesi aorta. Hasil kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa Trihoney mempunyai potensi anti-aterosklerotik melalui penekanan molekul lekatan. Trihoney setanding dengan atorvastatin dan boleh disarankan sebagai ubat tambahan untuk perlindungan terhadap aterosklerosis.

Kata kunci: Atorvastatin; kolesterol; molekul lekatan; Trihoney

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*Corresponding author; email: abumaisarah@iium.edu.my