Sains Malaysiana 50(10)(2021): 3059-3065

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2021-5010-18

The Digitalisation in Cobalt-Chromium Framework Fabrication. Surface Roughness Analysis: A Pilot Study

(Pendigitan dalam Fabrikasi Kerangka Kobalt-Kromium. Analisis Kekasaran Permukaan: Suatu Kajian Rintis)

AINI HAYATI ABDUL RAHIM^1,2*, ZUBAIDAH ZANUL ABIDIN² & NORSIAH YUNUS²

¹Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

²Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya (UM), 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory, Malaysia

Received: 13 March 2020/Accepted: 10 February 2021

ABSTRACT

Selective laser melting (SLM) is a new technique in fabricating cobalt-chromium denture framework. However, the surface properties of cobalt-chromium denture framework fabricated using the aforementioned technique have not been widely investigated. The aim of this paper was to investigate the surface roughness of cobalt-chromium alloy in removable partial denture fabricated with SLM technique. Cobalt-chromium denture frameworks were fabricated with two techniques (n = 10); the conventional lost-wax casting (conventional group) and SLM techniques (SLM group). Specimens from the conventional group were subjected to the standard cobalt-chromium denture polishing protocols. No treatment was employed for specimens from the SLM group. All specimens were subjected to surface roughness measurement on polished and fitting surfaces using non-contact optical three-dimensional metrology and surface roughness analysis machine (Infinite Focus Real 3D Alicona). Statistical analysis showed no significant difference in surface roughness between the specimens from conventional and SLM groups (p > 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in surface roughness between the polished and fitting surfaces of SLM specimens (p > 0.05). Surface roughness quality of the cobalt-chromium denture framework fabricated with the SLM technique is comparable to that fabricated with the conventional lost-wax casting technique. The surface roughness of SLM fabricated cobalt-chromium denture frameworks carries the same surface roughness quality between the polished and fitting surfaces.

Keywords: Cobalt chromium; denture; selective laser melting; surface roughness

ABSTRAK

Lebur laser terpilih (SLM) adalah teknik terkini yang digunakan dalam menghasilkan dentur kobalt-kromium. Walau bagaimanapun, masih kurang kajian yang dihasilkan berkaitan permukaaan dentur yang dihasilkan melalui teknik ini. Tujuan penyelidikan ini ialah untuk mengkaji kekasaran permukaan dentur yang dihasilkan melalui teknik SLM. Dentur kobalt-kromium dihasilkan menggunakan teknik konvensional dan teknik SLM (n = 10). Permukaan spesimen konvensional dirawat menggunakan protokol asas penggilapan dentur kobalt-kromium. Tiada rawatan dilakukan untuk spesimen daripada kumpulan SLM. Semua spesimen diimbas dengan mesin optikal pembacaan kekasaran permukaan (Infinite Focus Real 3D Alicona). Tiada perbezaan nyata statistik didapati antara spesimen konvensional dan SLM (p > 0.05). Tiada perbezaan nyata statistik antara permukaan licin dan permukaan adaptasi tisu untuk spesimen SLM (p > 0.05). Kualiti permukaan untuk dentur kobalt-kromium yang dihasilkan melalui proses SLM adalah sama dengan dentur yang dihasilkan melalui proses konvensional. Kualiti permukaan dentur kobalt-kromium yang dihasilkan melalui proses SLM adalah sama antara permukaan licin dan permukaan adaptasi tisu.

Kata kunci: Dentur; kekasaran permukaan; kobalt-kromium; lebur laser terpilih

REFERENCES

Alageel, O., Abdallah, M.N., Alsheghri, A., Song, J., Caron, E. & Tamimi, F. 2018. Removable partial denture alloys processed by laser‐sintering technique. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials 106(3): 1174-1185.

Anusavice, K.J. 2003. Philip’s Science of Dental Materials. 11th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier Science. p. 96.

Aydin, A.K. 1991. Evaluation of finishing and polishing techniques on surface roughness of chromium-cobalt castings. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 65(6): 763-767.

Bartolomeu, F., Costa, M., Gomes, J., Alves, N., Abreu, C., Silva, F. & Miranda, G. 2019. Implant surface design for improved implant stability - A study on Ti6Al4V dense and cellular structures produced by selective laser melting. Tribology International 129: 272-282.

Blunt, L. & Jiang, X. 2003. Advanced Techniques for Assessment Surface Topography: Development of a Basis for 3D Surface Texture Standards SURFSTAND. Oxford:  Butterworth-Heinemann.

Bollen, C.M., Papaioanno, W., Van Eldere, J., Schepers, E., Quirynen, M. & Van Steenberghe, D. 1996. The influence of abutment surface roughness on plaque accumulation and peri‐implant mucositis. Clinical Oral Implants Research 7(3): 201-211.

Bremen, S., Meiners, W. & Diatlov, A. 2012. Selective laser melting: A manufacturing technology for the future? Laser Technik Journal 9(2): 33-38.

Budak, I., Kosec, B. & Sokovic, M. 2012. Application of contemporary engineering techniques and technologies in the field of dental prosthetics. Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering 54(2): 233-241.

Budtz‐Jörgensen, E. 1974. The significance of Candida albicans in denture stomatitis. European Journal of Oral Sciences 82(2): 151-190.

Dickens, P. 1995. Research developments in rapid prototyping. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 209(4): 261-266.

Hong, M.H., Son, J.S. & Kwon, T.Y. 2018. Surface roughness of a 3D-printed Ni–Cr alloy produced by selective laser melting: Effect of process parameters. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 18(3): 2037-2040.

Hong, M.H., Min, B.K. & Kwon, T.Y. 2016. The influence of process parameters on the surface roughness of a 3D-printed Co–Cr dental alloy produced via selective laser melting. Applied Sciences 6(12): 401.

Jang, K.S., Youn, S.J. & Kim, Y.S. 2001. Comparison of castability and surface roughness of commercially pure titanium and cobalt-chromium denture frameworks. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 86(1): 93-98.

Jevremovic, D., Puskar, T., Kosec, B., Vukelic, Đ., Budak, I., Aleksandrovic, S., Egbeer, D. & Williams, R. 2012. The analysis of the mechanical properties of F75 Co-Cr alloy for use in selective laser melting (SLM) manufacturing of removable partial dentures (RPD). Metalurgija-Zagreb 51(2): 171.

Kajima, Y., Takaichi, A., Nakamoto, T., Kimura, T., Yogo, Y., Ashida, M., Doi, H., Nomura, N., Takahashi, H., Hanawa, T. & Wakabayashi, N. 2016. Fatigue strength of Co–Cr–Mo alloy clasps prepared by selective laser melting. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials 59: 446-458.

Koutsoukis, T., Zinelis, S., Eliades, G., Al-Wazzan, K., Al Rifaiy, M. & Al Jabbari, Y.S. 2015. Selective laser melting technique of Co-Cr dental alloys: A review of structure and properties and comparative analysis with other available techniques. Journal of Prosthodontics 24(4): 303-312.

Leach, R. 2011. Optical Measurement of Surface Topography (Vol. 14). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.

Liu, B., Kuai, Z., Li, Z., Tong, J., Bai, P., Li, B. & Nie, Y. 2018. Performance consistency of AlSi10Mg alloy manufactured by simulating multi laser beam selective laser melting (SLM): Microstructures and mechanical properties. Materials 11(12): 2354.

Pupo, Y., Monroy, K.P. & Ciurana, J. 2015. Influence of process parameters on surface quality of cocrmo produced by selective laser melting. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 80(5-8): 985-995.

Quirynen, M., Marechal, M., Busscher, H., Weerkamp, A., Darius, P. & Van Steenberghe, D. 1990. The influence of surface free energy and surface roughness on early plaque formation: An in vivo study in man. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 17(3): 138-144.

Revilla-León, M., Ceballos, L., Martínez-Klemm, I. & Özcan, M. 2018. Discrepancy of complete-arch titanium frameworks manufactured using selective laser melting and electron beam melting additive manufacturing technologies. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 120(6): 942-947.

Swelem, A.A., Abdelnabi, M.H., Al-Dharrab, A.A. & Abdelmaguid, H.F. 2014. Surface roughness and internal porosity of partial removable dental prosthesis frameworks fabricated from conventional wax and light-polymerized patterns: A comparative study. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 111(4): 335-341.

Takaichi, A., Suyalatu, Nakamoto, T., Joko, N., Nomura, N., Tsutsumi, Y., Migita, S., Doi, H., Kurosu, S., Chiba, A., Wakabayashi, N., Igarashi, Y. & Hanawa, T. 2013. Microstructures and mechanical properties of Co–29Cr–6Mo alloy fabricated by selective laser melting process for dental applications. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials 21: 67-76.

Taylor, R., Maryan, C. & Verran, J. 1998. Retention of oral microorganisms on cobalt-chromium alloy and dental acrylic resin with different surface finishes. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 80(5): 592-597.

Verran, J., Lees, G. & Shakespeare, A.P. 1991. The effect of surface roughness on the adhesion of Candida albicans to acrylic. Biofouling 3(3): 183-191.

Vorburger, T.V., Rhee, H.G., Renegar, T.B., Song, J.F. & Zheng, A. 2007. Comparison of optical and stylus methods for measurement of surface texture. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 33(1-2): 110-118.

Whitehouse, D.J. 2004. Surfaces and Their Measurement. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.

*Corresponding author; email: hayati1967@uitm.edu.my