Sains Malaysiana 50(1)(2021): 171-179

http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2021-5001-17

Quantified Piper sarmentosum Roxb. Leaves Aqueous Leaf Extract and Its Antihypertensive Effect in Dexamethasone-Induced Hypertensive Rats

(Kuantifikasi Daun Piper sarmentosum Roxb. Ekstrak Daun Akueus dan Kesan Antihipertensi pada Tikus Hipertensi Aruhan Deksametason)

MUHAMMAD FIRDAUS AZMI¹, AMILIA AMINUDDIN¹, JAMIA AZDINA JAMAL², ADILA A HAMID¹ & AZIZAH UGUSMAN¹*

¹Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory, Malaysia

²Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory, Malaysia

Received: 1 January 2020/Accepted: 22 June 2020

ABSTRACT

The quality control of raw herbal materials is important to ensure the safety, efficacy, and reproducibility of herbal products. Herbal products with consistent efficacy should be standardized and quantified based on their bioactive phytochemical compounds. Piper sarmentosum Roxb. has been reported for its antihypertensive activity. However, its antihypertensive effect on dexamethasone-induced hypertension still lacks information. In this study, the quality of two batches of raw P. sarmentosum leaf materials was assessed for heavy metal and microbial contents, and their aqueous extracts were assayed for antioxidant activity. The aqueous extract of the second batch of P. sarmentosum leaves was the only extract that passed the heavy metal and microbial limits and had the highest antioxidant activity (50.00 ± 2.88%); therefore, this extract was used for subsequent studies. The extract was quantified for two phytochemical markers, rutin (0.09 ± 0.002%) and vitexin (0.23 ± 0.007%), using a validated ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography method. The quantified extract (500 mg/kg/day orally) was able to lower the systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and mean arterial pressure of dexamethasone-induced hypertensive rats comparable to the positive control drug, captopril. In summary, the quantified aqueous extract of P. sarmentosum based on rutin and vitexin lowers the blood pressure of dexamethasone-induced hypertensive rats, but its underlying mechanism warrants further investigation.

Keywords: Dexamethasone; hypertension; Piper sarmentosum; quantified extract; ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography

ABSTRAK

Kawalan kualiti ke atas bahan mentah herba adalah penting untuk memastikan keselamatan, keberkesanan dan kebolehkeluaran produk herba tersebut. Produk herba yang mempunyai keberkesanan yang tekal perlu dipiawai dan dikuantifikasi berdasarkan sebatian fitokimia bioaktif masing-masing. Piper sarmentosum Roxb. dilaporkan mempunyai aktiviti antihipertensi. Namun begitu, masih terdapat kekurangan maklumat berkenaan kesannya terhadap hipertensi aruhan deksametason. Dalam kajian ini, kualiti dua kumpulan bahan mentah daun P. sarmentosum diukur kandungan logam berat dan mikrobnya dan ekstrak akueusnya diuji untuk aktiviti antioksidan. Hanya ekstrak akueus daripada kumpulan kedua daun P. sarmentosum menepati had kandungan logam berat dan mikrob serta mempunyai aktiviti antioksidan tertinggi (50.00 ± 2.88%); oleh itu ekstrak ini digunakan untuk kajian berikutnya. Ekstrak tersebut dikuantifikasi dengan dua penanda fitokimia, rutin (0.09 ± 0.002%) dan viteksin (0.23 ± 0.007%), menggunakan kaedah kromatografi cecair berprestasi ultratinggi yang telah disahkan. Rawatan dengan ekstrak yang telah dikuantifikasi (500 mg/kg/hari secara oral) dapat mengurangkan tekanan darah sistolik, tekanan darah diastolik dan tekanan arteri purata tikus hipertensi aruhan deksametason setanding dengan ubat kawalan positif, captopril. Kesimpulannya, ekstrak akueus P. sarmentosum yang dikuantifikasi berdasarkan rutin dan viteksin berjaya merendahkan tekanan darah tikus hipertensi aruhan deksametason tetapi mekanisme dasarnya perlu dikaji dengan lebih lanjut lagi.

Kata kunci: Deksametason; ekstrak dikuantifikasi; hipertensi; kromatografi cecair berprestasi ultratinggi; Piper sarmentosum

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*Corresponding author; email: dr.azizah@ppukm.ukm.edu.my