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Sains Malaysiana 50(6)(2021): 1543-1562
http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2021-5006-04
Tillage
Systems Affecting Rice-Wheat Cropping System
(Sistem Pembajakan Mempengaruhi Sistem Tanaman Padi-Gandum)
RAFI QAMAR1*,
ATIQUE UR REHMAN2, HAFIZ MUHAMMAD RASHAD JAVEED3, ABDUL
REHMAN1, MUHAMMAD EHSAN SAFDAR1, HASNIAN ALI1 & SHAKEEL AHMAD2
1Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, University
of Sargodha, Pakistan
2Department of Agronomy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
3Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS
University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Pakistan
Received: 25 April 2020/Accepted: 8 October 2020
ABSTRACT
Rice-wheat production is an essential component of
cropping systems in the Indus-Ganga Plains (IGP) which play a pivotal role in
food security of south Asia. These crops are being cultivated on an area of
about 13.5 M ha of South Asia. In rice-wheat cropping system, the major reason
for lower wheat grain yield is use of unwise tillage practices during wheat
seedbed preparation, cultivation of late maturing rice varieties, water
shortage, labor shortage, high cost of fertilizers and poor crop management
practices. Resource-conserving technology improves the sustainability and
productivity of wheat, which ultimately increase the farmer’s livelihood and
reduce poverty. Tillage plays an important role in agricultural operation for
soil manipulation to optimize the crop productivity. Different tillage systems
are being practiced for wheat production in rice-wheat cropping systems
including intensive tillage system, conventional and deep tillage, conservation
tillage that consisting of minimum tillage, ridge tillage, and no-till or zero
tillage system. Zero tillage gives more accessible and efficient planting
system that ensures timely wheat cultivation, cut off the tillage operation,
better crop residue management that ultimately minimize the cost of production
and keeps environment clean. Operational costs for wheat sowing are 50-60%
lower with zero tillage (ZT) sowing than with conventional sowing. The cost
saving effect is the main reason for the spread of zero tillage technology in
rice-wheat system. Current paper presented a review of different tillage
systems and their effects on soil physical properties, plant available water,
soil organic matter and nutrients, rice residues, wheat yield and farmer’s
economics.
Keywords: Rice; rice-wheat system; tillage system effects;
wheat; zero tillage
ABSTRAK
Pengeluaran gandum adalah komponen penting dalam
sistem penanaman di Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) Asia Selatan yang mempunyai
peranan penting dalam keselamatan makanan dunia. Tanaman ini diusahakan di
kawasan seluas kira-kira 13.5 M ha di Asia Selatan. Dalam sistem penanaman
gandum padi, alasan utama penurunan hasil gandum adalah penggunaan amalan
penanaman yang tidak bijak semasa penyediaan benih gandum, penanaman varieti
padi yang sudah matang, kekurangan air, kekurangan tenaga kerja, kos baja yang
tinggi dan amalan pengurusan tanaman yang buruk. Teknologi penjimatan sumber
meningkatkan kelestarian dan produktiviti gandum, yang akhirnya meningkatkan
penghidupan petani dan mengurangkan kemiskinan. Pembajakan mempunyai peranan
penting dalam operasi pertanian untuk manipulasi tanah untuk mengoptimumkan
produktiviti tanaman. Sistem penanaman yang berlainan dipraktikkan untuk
produksi gandum dalam sistem penanaman gandum padi termasuk sistem pengolahan
intensif, penanaman konvensional dan dalam penggarapan konservasi yang terdiri
daripada pengolahan minimum, penanaman rabung dan sistem penanaman tanpa
penanaman atau sifar. Tanaman sifar menghasilkan sistem penanaman yang lebih
mudah diakses dan cekap yang memastikan penanaman gandum tepat pada masanya,
memotong operasi penanaman, pengurusan sisa tanaman yang lebih baik yang
akhirnya meminimumkan kos pengeluaran dan menjaga kebersihan persekitaran. Kos
operasi untuk semaian gandum adalah 50-60% lebih rendah dengan semaian sifar
pembajakan (ZT) daripada semaian konvensional. Kesan penjimatan kos adalah
sebab utama penyebaran teknologi penanaman sifar dalam sistem gandum. Kertas
ini membentangkan kajian mengenai sistem pengolahan yang berbeza dan kesannya
terhadap sifat fizikal tanah, air yang ada pada tanaman, bahan organik tanah
dan nutrien, sisa beras, hasil gandum dan ekonomi petani.
Kata kunci: Gandum; kesan sistem
pembajakan; padi; sawah; sistem padi-gandum
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*Corresponding author; email: rafi.qamar@uos.edu.pk
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