Sains Malaysiana 51(3)(2022): 835-845

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2022-5103-17

Exposure to Second-Hand Smoke Predicts Breast Cancer Occurrence among Malaysian Women

(Pendedahan kepada Asap Rokok Sekunder Meramalkan Kejadian Kanser Payu Dara dalam Kalangan Wanita di Malaysia)

AINAA ALMARDHIYAH ABD RASHID¹, ZUNURA’IN ZAHALI¹, GAN SIEW HUA², BHAVARAJU VENKATA MURALI KRISHNA³, SARIMAH ABDULLAH⁴, SHARIFAH ZAHHURA SYED ABDULLAH⁵ & HAMID JAN JAN MOHAMED^1,*

¹Nutrition Program, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia

²School of Pharmacy, Monash University, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

  ³Adventist Oncology Center, Penang Adventist Hospital, 10350 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

  ⁴Unit of Biostatistics and Research Methodology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia

⁵Center for Research on Women and Gender, School of Social Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

Received: 13 November 2019/Accepted: 27 July 2021

Abstract

Breast cancer is the commonest type of cancer among Malaysian women. This study aimed to determine the associated factors for breast cancer occurrence among Malaysian women. A case-control study was conducted at primary cancer referral centre in the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia from January 2014 to August 2015. Untreated breast cancer (n=55) were assigned as cases compared to healthy controls (n=58). Sociodemographic and reproductive data were collected using a standardized questionnaire while dietary data was obtained using validated diet history questionnaires (DHQ). Anthropometric assessments (weight, height, hip, waist circumference (WC) and body fat composition) were recorded. Overnight fasting venous blood samples were analysed for glucose levels, insulin, high sensitivity C reactive protein (hs-CRP), high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin and lipid profiles. Simple logistic regression showed factors associated with breast cancer risk include age, lower education level, lower monthly household income and exposure to secondary smoke (sociodemographic factors), pulse rate, the use of more than one year of traditional medicine, systolic, and diastolic blood pressures (physical examination and reproductive factors) as well as WC, HDL cholesterol, TG, blood glucose, and sugar intake (nutritional status) were investigated. Multiple logistic regression showed factors associated with breast cancer risk included exposure to a second-hand smoke (OR=10.00, (95% CI: 2.42, 41.30)), low monthly household income (OR=18.05, (95% CI: 2.56, 127.10)) and high systolic blood pressure (OR=1.08, (95% CI: 1.04, 1.12)). Exposure to second-hand smoke, low monthly household income and high systolic blood pressures are predictors to breast cancer among Malaysian women.

Keywords: Breast cancer; low income; secondary smoke; systolic blood pressure

Abstrak

Kanser payudara adalah sejenis kanser yang paling biasa berlaku dalam kalangan wanita Malaysia. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan faktor yang berkaitan dengan kanser payudara dalam kalangan wanita Malaysia. Kajian kes-kawalan dijalankan di pusat rujukan primer kanser di Pantai Timur Semenanjung Malaysia dari Januari 2014 hingga Ogos 2015. Pesakit yang belum dirawat untuk kanser payudara (n = 55) diletakkan dalam kumpulan kes dibandingkan dengan kumpulan kawalan (n = 58). Data sosiodemografi dan reproduktif diperoleh melalui soal selidik piawai manakala data pemakanan diperoleh daripada soal selidik sejarah pemakanan yang disahkan (DHQ). Penilaian antropometri (berat, tinggi, pinggul, lilitan pinggang (WC) dan komposisi lemak badan) telah direkodkan. Sampel darah vena selepas puasa semalaman dianalisis untuk tahap glukosa, insulin, kesensitifan tinggi protein reaktif (hs-CRP), adiponektin berat molekul tinggi (HMW) dan profil lipid. Regresi univariat menunjukkan faktor berkaitan dengan risiko kanser payudara termasuk usia, tahap pendidikan rendah, pendapatan isi rumah bulanan yang rendah dan pendedahan kepada asap rokok sekunder (faktor sosiodemografi), kadar nadi, penggunaan ubat tradisi lebih dari satu tahun, tekanan darah sistolik dan diastolik (pemeriksaan fizikal dan faktor reproduktif) serta WC, kolesterol HDL, TG, glukosa darah dan pengambilan gula (status pemakanan) dikaji. Regresi multivariat menunjukkan faktor yang dikaitkan dengan risiko kanser payudara termasuk pendedahan kepada asap rokok (OR = 10.00, (95% CI: 2.42, 41.30)), pendapatan bulanan isi rumah yang rendah (OR = 18.05, (95% CI: 2.56, 127.10)) dan tekanan darah sistolik yang tinggi (OR = 1.08, (95% CI: 1.04, 1.12)). Pendedahan kepada asap rokok, pendapatan isi rumah bulanan yang rendah dan tekanan darah sistolik tinggi adalah ramalan kanser payudara dalam kalangan wanita Malaysia.

Kata kunci: Asap rokok sekunder; kanser payudara; pendapatan rendah; tekanan darah sistolik

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^*Corresponding author; email: hamidjan@usm.my