Sains Malaysiana 51(5)(2022): 1411-1424

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2022-5105-12

Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Alpinia malaccensis (Burm. f.) Roscoe and Kaempferia galanga L. Rhizome Essential Oil Gel Formulations by Carrageenan Induction Method

(Aktiviti Anti-Radang Alpinia malaccensis (Burm. f.) Roscoe dan Kaempferia galanga L. Rizom Formulasi Gel Minyak Pati melalui Kaedah Aruhan Karaginan)

MUCHTARIDI MUCHTARIDI^1,*, DERIF A. ABDULLAH¹, CECEP SUHANDI¹, SRI A. SUMIWI² & NUR KUSAIRA KHAIRUL IKRAM^3,4

¹Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia

²Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia

³Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory, Malaysia

⁴Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory, Malaysia

Received: 6 September 2021/Accepted: 14 October 2021

ABSTRACT

Bioactive compound from essential oils of Alpinia malaccensis (AM) and Kaempferia galanga (KG) rhizomes, respectively, such as methyl cinnamate and ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate (EPMS) have been reported to have anti-inflammatory activity. The present study aimed to determine the topical anti-inflammatory activity of 3 gel formulations (Formula 1, 2 and 3) having different concentrations of essential oil from AM and KG rhizomes. The gelling agent used in this study was Carbopol 934. The physicochemical parameters of the gel formulations such as organoleptic, pH, viscosity, and spreadability as well as hedonic test were also examined. The anti-inflammatory activity assay was carried out using the carrageenan induced rat paws edema method. The chemical composition of AM and KG rhizomes was identified by GC-MS with LRI index. The major essential oils content in AM and KG rhizome was methyl cinnamate (58.80%) and ethyl-p-methoxy cinnamate (59.68%), respectively.  Based on the results of physical evaluation, hedonic test and anti-inflammatory activity, Formula 1 with 5% AM and 2.5% KG essential oils is the best formula with % inflammation inhibition of 36.32 ± 6.32%.

Keywords: Alpinia malaccensis; anti-inflammatory; essential oil; gel preparations; Kaempferia galanga

ABSTRAK

Sebatian bioaktif daripada minyak pati rizom Alpinia malaccensis (AM) dan Kaempferia galanga (KG) seperti metil sinamat dan etil-p-metoksisinamat (EPMS) telah dilaporkan mempunyai aktiviti anti-radang. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan aktiviti anti-radang topikal daripada 3 formulasi gel (Formula 1, 2 dan 3) yang mempunyai kepekatan minyak pati yang berbeza daripada rizom AM dan KG. Agen gel yang digunakan dalam kajian ini adalah Carbopol 934. Parameter fizikokimia daripada formulasi gel seperti organoleptik, pH, kelikatan dan daya sebaran serta ujian hedonik juga diperiksa. Ujian aktiviti anti-radang dilakukan menggunakan kaedah karaginan yang menyebabkan kebengkakan pada tapak kaki tikus. Komposisi kimia daripada rizom AM dan KG dikenal pasti oleh GC-MS dengan indeks LRI. Kandungan minyak pati utama dalam rizom AM dan KG adalah metil sinnamat (58.80%) dan etil-p-metoksisinnamat (59.68%). Berdasarkan hasil penilaian fizikal, ujian hedonik dan aktiviti anti-radang, Formula 1 dengan minyak pati 5% AM dan 2.5% KG adalah formula terbaik dengan % perencatan keradangan sebanyak 36.32 ± 6.32%.

Kata kunci: Alpinia malaccensis; anti-radang; Kaempferia galanga; minyak pati; sediaan gel

REFERENCES

Abdulkhaleq, L.A., Assi, M.A., Abdullah, R., Zamri-Saad, M., Taufiq-Yap, Y.H. & Hezmee, M.N.M. 2018. The crucial roles of inflammatory mediators in inflammation: A review. Veterinary World 11(5): 627.

Adams, R.P. 1995. Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy. Illinois: Allured Publishing Corporation. p. 804.

Ali, S.M. & Yosipovitch, G. 2013. Skin pH: From basic science to basic skin care. Acta Dermato-Venereologica 93(3): 261-269.

Ausloos, P., Clifton, C.L., Lias, S.G., Mikaya, A.I., Stein, S.E., Tchekhovskoi, D.V., Sparkman, O.D., Zaikin, V. & Zhu, D. 1999. The critical evaluation of a comprehensive mass spectral library. Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 10(4): 287-299.

Azah, M.N., Sam, Y.Y., Mailina, J. & Chua, L.S.L. 2005. (E)-Methyl cinnamate: The major component of essential oils of Alpinia malaccensis var. nobilis. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 17(4): 631-633.

Babushok, V.I., Linstrom, P.J., Reed, J.J., Zenkevich, I.G., Brown, R.L., Mallard, W.G. & Stein, S.E. 2007. Development of a database of gas chromatographic retention properties of organic compounds. Journal of Chromatography A 1157(1-2): 414-421.

Ballance, R. 1996. Physical and chemical analysis. In Water Quality Monitoring, edited by Bartram, J. & Balance, R. Florida: CRC Press. pp. 1-90.

Barkin, R.L. 2015. Topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: The importance of drug, delivery, and therapeutic outcome. American Journal of Therapeutics 22(5): 388-407.

Barung, E.N., Dumanauw, J.M., Duri, M.F. & Kalonio, D.E. 2021. Egg white-induced inflammation models: A study of edema profile and histological change of rat's paw. Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research 12(2): 109.

Bhuiyan, M.N.I., Chowdhury, J.U., Begum, J. & Ch, N. 2010. Essential oils analysis of the rhizomes of Alpinia conchigera Griff. and leaves of Alpinia malaccensis (Burm. f.) Roscoe from Bangladesh. African Journal of Plant Science 4(6): 197-201.

Chen, L., Deng, H., Cui, H., Fang, J., Zuo, Z., Deng, J., Li, Y., Wang, X. & Zhao, L. 2018. Inflammatory responses and inflammation-associated diseases in organs. Oncotarget 9(6): 7204.

Dhifi, W., Bellili, S., Jazi, S., Bahloul, N. & Mnif, W. 2016. Essential oils’ chemical characterization and investigation of some biological activities: A critical review. Medicines 3(4): 25.

Fahelbum, I.M. & James, S.P. 1977. The absorption and metabolism of methyl cinnamate. Toxicology 7(1): 123-132.

Federer, W.T. 1963. Experimental Design: Theory and Application. New Delhi: IBH Publishing Co. pp. 1-591.

Figueiredo, A.C., Barroso, J.G., Pedro, L.G. & Scheffer, J.J. 2008. Factors affecting secondary metabolite production in plants: Volatile components and essential oils. Flavour and Fragrance Journal 23(4): 213-226.

Fitriani, B.A. 2018. Massage gel preparations formulation of Alpinia malaccensis [Burm. F.] and Kaempferia galanga L. rhizome essential oils. Universityas Padjadjaran. Bachelor Research Thesis (Unpublished).

Garg, A., Aggarwal, D., Garg, S. & Singla, A.K. 2002. Spreading of semisolid formulations: An update. Pharmaceutical Technology North America 26(9): 84.

Gui, Y., Chen, L., Duan, S., Li, G., Tang, J. & Li, A. 2018. Methyl cinnamate alleviated CCI-induced upregualtion of spinal AMPA receptors and pain hypersensitivity by targeting AMPK. European Journal of Pharmacology 833: 183-189.

Hasanah, A., Nazaruddin, F., Febrina, E. & Zuhrotun, A. 2011. Analysis of essential oil content and anti-inflammatory activity test of rhizome extract of Kaempferia galanga L. Jurnal Matematika dan Sains 6(1): 147-153.

Hua, S. 2020. Advances in oral drug delivery for regional targeting in the gastrointestinal tract - Influence of physiological, pathophysiological and pharmaceutical factors. Frontiers in Pharmacology 11: 524.

Huong, L.T., Dai, D., Van Chung, M., Doan, D. & Ogunwande, I. 2017. Constituents of essential oils from the leaf, stem, root, fruit and flower of Alpinia macroura K. Schum. Bol. Latinoam Caribe Plant Med. Aromat. 16(1): 26-33.

Iyer, S., Rissanen, M.P., Valiev, R., Barua, S., Krechmer, J.E., Thornton, J., Ehn, M. & Kurtén, T. 2021. Molecular mechanism for rapid autoxidation in α-pinene ozonolysis. Nature Communications 12(1): 1-6.

Jagadish, P.C., Latha, K.P., Mudgal, J. & Nampurath, G.K. 2016. Extraction, characterization and evaluation of Kaempferia galanga L. (Zingiberaceae) rhizome extracts against acute and chronic inflammation in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 194: 434-439.

Li, Y., Ji, H., Li, X., Zhang, H. & Li, H. 2017. Isolation of nematicidal constituents from essential oil of Kaempferia galanga L. rhizome and their activity against Heterodera avenae Wollenweber. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 16(1): 59-65 https://doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v16i1.8

Lima, F.J., Brito, T.S., Aragão, K.S., Ferreira, L.C., Lahlou, S., Santos, A.A. & Magalhães, P.J. 2013. Anti-inflammatory effects of methyl cinnamate, the major constituent of the essential oil of Ocimum micranthum, on the gastrointestinal tract of rats submitted to acetic acid-induced colitis. Planta Medica 79(13): PF5.

Lopez-Castejon, G. & Brough, D. 2011. Understanding the mechanism of IL-1β secretion. Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews 22(4): 189-195.

Matsui, H., Shimokawa, O., Kaneko, T., Nagano, Y., Rai, K. & Hyodo, I. 2011. The pathophysiology of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced mucosal injuries in stomach and small intestine. Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition 48(2): 107-111.

Mijin, D.Z., Petrovic, S.D. & Antonovic, D.G. 1999. Gas chromatography retention indices of 2-phenyl- 2 alkylacetonitriles on packed coloumns. The Sci. J. Fact. Univ. 2(1): 1-8.

Muchtaridi, Adjeng Diantini & Anas Subarnas. 2011. Analysis of Indonesian spice essential oil compounds that inhibit locomotor activity in mice. Pharmaceuticals 4(4): 590-602. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph4040590

Muchtaridi, M., Arifin Sutasli, Nurdjannah Azinar & Ida Musfiroh. 2004. Chemical characteristics of laja gowah rhizome essential oil (Alpinia malaccensis (Burm f.)). Bionatura: Journal of the Physical and Life Sciences 6(3): 272-282.

Neuenschwander, U. & Hermans, I. 2010. Autoxidation of α-pinene at high oxygen pressure. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 12(35): 10542-10549.

Nurman, S., Yulia, R., Irmayanti, Noor, E. & Candra Sunarti, T. 2019. The optimization of gel preparations using the active compounds of arabica coffee ground nanoparticles. Scientia Pharmaceutica 87(4): 32.

Raina, A.P., Abraham, Z. & Sivaraj, N. 2015. Diversity analysis of Kaempferia galanga L. germplasm from South India using DIVA-GIS approach. Industrial Crops and Products 69(C): 433-439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.02.052

Rannou, F., Pelletier, J.P. & Martel-Pelletier, J. 2016. Efficacy and safety of topical NSAIDs in the management of osteoarthritis: Evidence from real-life setting trials and surveys. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism 45(4): S18-S21.

Sahoo, S., Singh, S. & Nayak, S. 2014. Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of essential oil and extract of Alpinia malccensis Roscoe (Zingiberaceae). International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 6(7): 183-188.

Saini, N.K. & Singhal, M. 2012. Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity of methanolic Tecomaria capensis leaves extract. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2(11): 870-874.

Sethi, S., Prakash, O., Pant, A.K. & Kumar, M. 2017. Phytochemical analysis and pharmacological activities of methanolic extract and essential oil from rhizomes of Alpinia malaccensis (Burm. f.) Roscoe. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants 20(4): 1018-1029.

Shawesh, A.M., Kaukonen, A., Kallioinen, S., Antikainen, O. & Yliruusi, J. 2003. Development of indomethacin Carbopol ETD 2001 gels and the influence of storage time and temperature on their stability. Pharmazie 58(2): 130-135.

Soeratri, W., Erawati, T., Rahmatika, D. & Noorma, R. 2014. Determination of p-methoxycinnamic acid (APMS) as a topical anti-inflammatory and penetration study of APMS through rat skin with and without stratum corneum. Jurnal Farmasi dan Ilmu Kefarmasian 1(1): 28-30.

Strehmel, N., Hummel, J., Erban, A., Strassburg, K. & Kopka, J. 2008. Retention index thresholds for compound matching in GC-MS metabolite profiling. Journal of Chromatography B 871(2): 182-190.

Sulaiman, M.R., Zakaria, Z.A., Daud, I.A., Ng, F.N., Ng, Y.C. & Hidayat, M.T. 2008. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the aqueous extract of Kaempferia galanga leaves in animal models. Journal of Natural Medicines 62(2): 221-227.

Susetyo, R. & Reny, H. 2004. Tips to Produce Citronella Oil. Jakarta: Penebar Swadaya Press.

Tadros, T.F. 1992. Future developments in cosmetic formulations. International Journal of Cosmetic Science 14(3): 93-111.

Turek, C. & Stintzing, F. 2013. Stability of essential oils: A review. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 12(1): 40-53.

Umar, M.I., Asmawi, M.Z., Sadikun, A., Atangwho, I.J., Yam, M.F., Altaf, R. & Ahmed, A. 2012. Bioactivity-guided isolation of ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate, an anti-inflammatory constituent, from Kaempferia galanga L. extracts. Molecules 17(7): 8720-8734.

Umar, M.I., Asmawi, M.Z., Sadikun, A., Majid, A.M.S.A., Al-Suede, F.S.R., Hassan, L.E.A., Altaf, R. & Ahamed, M.B.K. 2014. Ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate isolated from Kaempferia galanga inhibits inflammation by suppressing interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor-α, and angiogenesis by blocking endothelial functions. Clinics 69: 134-144.

Wijayanti, N., Astuti, K., Prasetia, I., Darayanthi, M., Nesa, P. & Wedarini, L. 2015. Physical chemical stability profile peel-off gel mask mangosteen peel extract (Garcinia mangostana L.). J. Univ. Udayana 9(1): 99-103.

Wijayanto, B.A., Kurniawan, D.W. & Sobri, I. 2013. formulation and effectiveness of antiseptic hand gel preparations containing galanga essential oils (Alpinia galanga (L.) willd). Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian Indonesia 11(2): 102-107.

Woodell-May, J.E. & Sommerfeld, S.D. 2020. Role of inflammation and the immune system in the progression of osteoarthritis. Journal of Orthopaedic Research® 38(2): 253-257.

^*Corresponding author; email: muchtaridi@unpad.ac.id