Sains Malaysiana 51(5)(2022): 1437-1447

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2022-5105-14

In vitro Anti-Angiogenic Properties of Ethanolic Crude Extract of Vernonia amygdalina

(Sifat Anti-Angiogenik in vitro daripada Ekstrak Kasar Etanol Vernonia amygdalina)

IBRAHIM AL-DEEB^1,2,3, JULIA JOSEPH¹, AMIN MALIK SHAH ABDUL MAJID², AMAN SHAH ABDUL MAJID⁴ & NOZLENA ABDUL SAMAD^1,*

¹Department of Toxicology, Sains@BERTAM, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute,

Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia

²Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia

³Department Department of Biopharmmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan

⁴Centre for Angiogenesis and Natural Product Research, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Quest International University, Malaysia

Received: 21 April 2021/Accepted: 16 September 2021

Abstract

Angiogenesis is the process of generating new blood vessels that deliver tumor cells with oxygen and essential nutrients for growth and metastasis. This study examined the in vitro antiangiogenic properties of the ethanolic crude extract from Vernonia amygdalina (VA) grown in Malaysia. The direct antiangiogenic activity of VA was evaluated on EA.hy926 cells using in vitro assessments: Cell proliferation, colony formation, migration, and cell invasion assays. VA ethanolic crude extract cytotoxic activity was evident in the antiproliferative and colony formation assays. The growth inhibition (IC₅₀) of 50% against EA.hy926 endothelial cells was achieved after 72 h treatment at a concentration of 85.43±3.57 µg/mL. Upon 48 h treatment, colony formation was inhibited completely at 100 µg/mL while 51.94% inhibition was achieved at 50 µg/mL. Moreover, the extract showed 54.72% and 31.99% inhibitory effects against migration of cells when treated for 24 h treatment at two different concentrations, 25 µg/mL and 12.5 µg/mL, respectively. The use of 100 µg/mL VA ethanolic extract inhibited cell invasion by 35.43%, which was lower than that of 57.81% inhibition achieved by the vinblastine as a positive control. All in all, the present work clearly demonstrated the antiangiogenic properties of VA ethanolic extract that may reflect a chemotherapeutic and/or chemoprevention potential for biomedical applications.

Keywords: Angiogenesis; EA.hy926; ethanolic extract; Vernonia amygdalina

Abstrak

Angiogenesis adalah generasi saluran darah baru yang menyampaikan sel-sel tumor dengan oksigen dan nutrien utama yang penting untuk pertumbuhan dan metastasis. Dalam penyelidikan ini kami mengkaji sifat anti-angiogenik in vitro ekstrak kasar etanol Vernonia amygdalina (VA) yang tumbuh di Malaysia. Aktiviti anti-angiogenik VA dinilai pada sel EA.hy926 menggunakan penilaian in vitro untuk percambahan sel, pembentukan koloni, migrasi dan ujian pencerobohan sel. Kegiatan sitotoksik ekstrak mentah etanol adalah jelas dalam ujian anti-proliferatif dan pembentukan koloni. Perencatan pertumbuhan 50% (IC₅₀) setelah 72 jam rawatan dicapai pada kepekatan 85.43±3.57 µg/mL terhadap sel endotel EA.hy926. Pembentukan koloni dihambat sepenuhnya pada 100 µg/mL berbanding 51.94% pada 50 µg/mL setelah 48 jam rawatan. Selain itu, ekstrak menunjukkan kesan penghambatan 54.72% dan 31.99% terhadap penghijrahan sel dalam ujian calar selepas rawatan 24 jam pada dua kepekatan yang berbeza, masing-masing 25 µg/mL dan 12.5 µg/mL. 100 µg/mL ekstrak etanol VA menghalang pencerobohan sel sebanyak 35.43% berbanding perencatan 57.81% oleh vinblastine kawalan positif. Karya ini dengan jelas menunjukkan sifat anti-angiogenik ekstrak etanol VA yang mungkin mencerminkan potensi kemoterapi dan/atau kemoprevensi.

Kata kunci: Angiogenesis; EA.hy926; ekstrak etanol; Vernonia amygdalina

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^*Corresponding author; email: nozlena@usm.my