Sains Malaysiana 51(5)(2022): 1557-1566

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2022-5105-23

Time-Temperature Profiles Effect on Thermoluminescence Glow Curve Formation of Germanium Doped Optical Fibres

(Kesan Profil Suhu Masa pada Pembentukan Lengkung Cahaya Termoluminesen bagi Gentian Optik Berdop Germanium)

MUHAMMAD SAFWAN AHMAD FADZIL^1,*, NORAMALIZA MOHD NOOR², NIZAM TAMCHEK³ & UNG NGIE MIN⁴

¹Diagnostic Imaging and Radiotherapy Program, Centre for Diagnostic, Therapeutic and Investigative Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory, Malaysia

²Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

³Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

⁴Clinical Oncology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory, Malaysia

Received: 5 July 2021/Accepted: 7 October 2021

Abstract

The development of optical fibres technology grows in response to seeking a radiation detector with better thermoluminescence (TL) performance. Concerning the dosimetric characterization study by previous researchers, this research work has widened the exploration to optimize the time-temperature profile (TTP) in connection with the glow curve formation of the optical fibres. Two forms of germanium (Ge) doped optical fibres, namely cylindrical optical fibre (CF) and flat optical fibre (FF) were fabricated, and the TTP were investigated prior to commissioning the optical fibres for fieldwork. CF and FF were irradiated to the dose of 2 Gy using a 6 MV linear accelerator. Various TTP profiles, including preheat temperature, preheat time, acquisition temperature rate, and acquisition time were varied to determine the best thermal profile for the CF and FF based on the glow curve formations. Out of 4 parameters, an increase in preheat temperatures ranging from 40 to 120 °C caused a significant variation in the glow curve formation, thus possibly giving rise to different TL signals of the optical fibres. The maximum glow peak temperature of CF and FF was unvarying when different preheat temperatures employed. These findings support the conceptual idea that manipulating the optical fibres’ readout system can alter the glow curve formation. Thus, an optimized TTP will provide the correct glow curve configuration for kinetic parameter analysis.

Keywords: Optical fibres; thermoluminescence glow curve; time-temperature profiles

Abstrak

Pembangunan teknologi gentian optik berkembang sebagai gerak balas dalam mencari pengesan radiasi dengan prestasi pendar gerlap terma (TL) yang lebih baik. Merujuk kepada kajian pencirian dosimetrik oleh penyelidik terdahulu, penyelidikan ini telah memperluaskan penerokaan untuk mengoptimumkan profil suhu-masa (TTP) yang berkaitan dengan pembentukan lengkung cahaya daripada gentian optik. Dua bentuk germanium (Ge) dop gentian optik, iaitu gentian optik silinder (CF) dan gentian optik rata (FF) difabrikasi dan TTP dikaji sebelum gentian optik digunakan untuk kerja lapangan. CF dan FF disinari dengan dos radiasi 2 Gy menggunakan pemecut linear bertenaga 6 MV. Pelbagai profil TTP, termasuk suhu pra-pemanasan, tempoh masa pemanasan, kadar pemerolehan suhu dan masa pemerolehan diubah untuk menentukan profil terma yang terbaik untuk CF dan FF berdasarkan penghasilan lengkung berbara. Daripada 4 parameter, peningkatan suhu pra-pemanasan antara 40 hingga 120 °C menyebabkan variasi yang ketara dalam pembentukan lengkung berbara, dan ia akan menghasilkan isyarat TL yang berbeza daripada gentian optik. Suhu maksimum puncak berbara CF dan FF tidak berubah apabila suhu pra-pemanasan yang berbeza digunakan. Penemuan ini menyokong idea konseptual bahawa manipulasi terhadap sistem pembacaan gentian optik boleh mengubah pembentukan lengkung berbara. Oleh itu, TTP yang optimum akan menyediakan konfigurasi lengkung berbara yang tepat untuk analisa parameter kinetik.

Kata kunci: Gentian optik; lengkung berbara pendar gerlap terma; profil suhu-masa

REFERENCES

Begum, M., Rahman, A.K.M.M., Begum, M., Abdul-Rashid, H.A., Yusoff, Z. & Bradley, D.A. 2018. Harnessing the thermoluminescence of Ge-doped silica flat-fibres for medical dosimetry. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 270: 170-176.

Begum, M., Rahman, A.K.M.M., Abdul-Rashid, H.A., Yusoff, Z., Begum, M., Mat-Sharif, K.A., Amin, Y.M. & Bradley, D.A. 2015. Thermoluminescence characteristics of Ge-doped optical fibers with different dimensions for radiation dosimetry. Applied Radiation and Isotopes 100: 79-83.

Benabdesselam, M., Mady, F., Girard, S., Mebrouk, Y., Duchez, J.B., Gaillardin, M. & Paillet, P. 2013. Performance of Ge-doped optical fiber as a thermoluminescent dosimeter. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 60(6): 4251-4256.

Bradley, D.A., Shafiqah, A.S., Rozaila, Z.S., Sabtu, S.N., Sani, S.A., Alanazi, A.H., Jafari, S.M., Mahdiraji, G.A., Adikan, F.M., Maah, M.J. & Nisbet, A.N. 2017. Developments in production of silica-based thermoluminescence dosimeters. Radiation Physics and Chemistry 137: 37-44.

Bradley, D.A., Zubair, H.T., Oresegun, A., Louay, G.T., Abdul-Rashid, H.A., Ung, N.M. & Alzimami, K.S. 2019. Towards the development of doped silica radioluminescence dosimetry. Radiation Physics and Chemistry 154: 46-52.

Correia, R., James, S., Lee, S.W., Morgan, S.P. & Korposh, S. 2018. Biomedical application of optical fibre sensors. Journal of Optics 20(7): 073003.

Entezam, A., Khandaker, M.U., Amin, Y.M., Ung, N.M., Maah, J. & Bradley, D.A. 2016. Thermoluminescence response of Ge-doped SiO₂ fibres to electrons, X-and γ-radiation. Radiation Physics and Chemistry 121: 115-121.

Fadzil, M.S.A., Min, U.N., Ariffin, A., Bradley, D.A. & Noor, N.M. 2019. Evaluation on thermoluminescence kinetic parameters of Ge-doped cylindrical fibre dosimeter by computerised glow curve deconvolution technique. In Proceeding of International Symposium on Radiation Detectors and Their Uses. p. 011036.

Fadzil, M.S.A., Tamchek, N., Ung, N.M., Ariffin, A., Abdullah, N., Bradley, D.A. & Noor, N.M. 2018. Assessment of thermoluminescence glow curves and kinetic parameters of fabricated Ge-doped flat fiber for radiotherapy application. Jurnal Sains Nuklear Malaysia 30(2): 1-14.

Fadzil, M.S.A., Min, U.N., Bradley, D.A. & Noor, N.M. 2017. Different germanium dopant
concentration and the thermoluminescence characteristics of flat Ge-doped optical fibres. Pertanika Journal of Science and Technology 25(1): 327-336.

Ghomeishi, M., Mahdiraji, G.A., Adikan, F.R.M., Ung, N.M. & Bradley, D.A. 2015. Sensitive fibre-based thermoluminescence detectors for high resolution in-vivo dosimetry. Scientific Reports 5: 1-10.

Hassan, M.F., Rahman, W.N.W.A., Kadir, A.B.A., Isa, N.M., Tominaga, T., Geso, M., Akasaka, H., Bradley, D.A. & Noor, N.M. 2018. Ge-doped silica fibre proton beam measurements: Thermoluminescence dose-response and glow curve characteristics.  International Journal of Nanoelectronics and Materials 11: 209-218.

Horowitz, Y.S. & Yossian, D. 1995. Computerised glow curve deconvolution: Application to thermoluminescence dosimetry. Radiation Protection Dosimetry 60(1): 1-114.

Lam, S.E., Bradley, D.A. & Khandaker, M.U. 2021. Small-field radiotherapy photon beam output evaluation: Detectors reviewed. Radiation Physics and Chemistry 178: 108950.

Lam, S.E., Bradley, D.A., Mahmud, R., Pawanchek, M., Rashid, H.A. & Noor, N.M. 2019. Dosimetric characteristics of fabricated Ge-doped silica optical fibre for small-field dosimetry. Results in Physics 12: 816-826.

Lam, S.E., Alawiah, A., Bradley, D.A. & Noor, N.M. 2017. Effects of time-temperature profiles on glow curves of germanium-doped optical fibre. Radiation Physics and Chemistry 137: 56-61.

Mustafa, S., Saad, F.F.A., Tamchek, N., Mohamed, F., Bajuri, F. & Noor, N.M. 2018. Response of fabricated germanium optical fibre subjected to low dose neutron-gamma irradiation. International Journal of Nanoelectronics and Materials 11: 253-260.

Noor, N.M., Fadzil, M.S.A., Ung, N.M., Maah, M.J., Mahdiraji, G.A., Abdul-Rashid, H.A. & Bradley, D.A. 2016. Radiotherapy dosimetry and the thermoluminescence characteristics of Ge-doped fibres of differing germanium dopant concentration and outer diameter. Radiation Physics and Chemistry 126: 56-61.

O'Keeffe, S., McCarthy, D., Woulfe, P., Grattan, M.W.D., Hounsell, A.R., Sporea, D., Mihai, L., Vata, I., Leen, G. & Lewis, E. 2015. A review of recent advances in optical fibre sensors for in vivo dosimetry during radiotherapy. The British Journal of Radiology 88(1050): 20140702.

Rais, N.N.M., Bradley, D.A., Hashim, A., Isa, N.M., Osman, N.D., Ismail, I., Hasan, H.A. & Noor, N.M. 2019a. Dosimetric response of fabricated Ge-doped optical fibres in computed tomography RQT beam quality x-ray beams. Journal of Radiological Protection 39(3): N8.

Rais, N.N.M., Bradley, D.A., Hashim, A., Osman, N.D. & Noor, N.M. 2019b. Fabricated germanium-doped fibres for computed tomography dosimetry. Applied Radiation and Isotopes 153: 108810.

Rodrigues, M.L., Kearfott, K.J., Hsu, S.H., Schlicht, J.E., Parker, L.W. & Baumgarten, L.R. 2005. The effect of the time-temperature heating profile design on the precision and accuracy of thermoluminescent (TL) glow curve peak areas for LiF: Mg, Ti. In Proceeding of the 50^th Annual Meeting of the Health Physics Society. 89(1): S8-S8.

Thermo Electron Corporation. 2002. Harshaw Standard TTP Recommendations - Technical Notice - Publication Number: DOSM-0-N-1202-001. Ohio: Thermo Electron Corporation.

Yusof, M.F.M., Rashid, N.A. & Abdullah, R. 2013. Reproducibility and effect of delayed readout on LiF:Mg,Ti TLD treated with different preheat time techniques: A glow curve study. Jurnal Sains Nuklear Malaysia 25(1): 35-44.

Zakaria, Z., Aziz, M.A., Ishak, N.H., Suppiah, S., Bradley, D.A. & Noor, N.M. 2020. Advanced thermoluminescence dosimetric characterization of fabricated Ge-Doped optical fibres (FGDOFs) for electron beams dosimetry. Radiation Physics and Chemistry 166: 108487.

^*Corresponding author; email: safwanfadzil@ukm.edu.my