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Sains Malaysiana 51(9)(2022):
http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2022-5109-08
Edible Bird’s Nest, a Valuable Glycoprotein Source:
Current Research Prospects and Challenges in Malaysia
(Sarang Burung Walit, Punca Glikoprotein Bernilai Tinggi: Prospek Penyelidikan
dan Cabaran Semasa di Malaysia)
KEVSER
IRFAN UNAL1, LEE SIN CHANG1,3, WAN AIDA WAN MUSTAPHA1,2,
NOORUL SYUHADA MOHD RAZALI1,2, ABDUL SALAM BABJI1,2 &
SENG JOE LIM1,2*
1Department
of Food Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan
Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
2Innovation
Centre for Confectionery Technology (MANIS), Faculty of Science and Technology,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
3Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University Kuala Lumpur, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Received:
6 January 2022/Accepted: 14 April 2022
Abstract
Edible bird's nest (EBN) is a salivary secretion of swiftlets which
consist of protein and carbohydrate rich glycoproteins. This natural ingredient
is very valuable, nutritional and medically valuable. The EBN industry have
grown rapidly and benefited the Malaysian economy, hence, it is viewed
seriously and it is actively supported by the government. This review discusses
the progress and development of EBN industry as well as the R&D activities
and endeavours especially that which involves deriving peptides with biological
activities from EBN and its by-product sources. Many studies have documented
the therapeutic properties of EBN such as antiaging, antiviral, antioxidant,
and antihypertensive. Studies have also been conducted to produce glycoprotein
hydrolysates from EBN through enzymatic hydrolysis, and findings showed that
these bioactive peptides increase solubility as well as antioxidant and
antihypertensive activities. Enzymatic hydrolysis breaks long protein chains at
specific sites and releases amino acids and small peptides with lower molecular
weights. The EBN hydrolysates produced can improve bioactivity and overcome
insolubility and low absorption of EBN prepared and consumed through
traditional means. Further studies need to be carried out to optimise EBN
glycoprotein hydrolysates production as well as maximising their
bioavailability and efficacy in the human gastrointestinal system. In addition,
EBN by-products produced during EBN cleaning process should be fully utilised
to recover the high-value glycoproteins, while reducing pollution and wastage.
By enhancing R&D activities of EBN, bioactive glycopeptides produced from
EBN may become an important functional food ingredient for various uses and
innovative value-added products in the future.
Keywords: Bioactive peptides; edible bird’s nest; glycoprotein; hydrolysis;
value-added product
Abstrak
Sarang burung walit (SBW) adalah rembesan air liur burung walit yang
terdiri daripada glikoprotein yang kaya dengan protein dan karbohidrat. Bahan
semula jadi ini sangat berharga, berkhasiat dan mempunyai nilai perubatan.
Perusahaan industri SBW telah berkembang pesat dan menguntungkan ekonomi
Malaysia, justeru, ia dipandang serius dan disokong secara aktif oleh kerajaan.
Ulasan ini membincangkan tentang pengembangan dan pembangunan industri SBW
serta aktiviti dan usaha R&D terutamanya yang melibatkan penghasilan
peptida dengan aktiviti biologi daripada SBW dan produk sampingannya. Pelbagai
kajian telah mendokumentasikan sifat terapeutik SBW seperti antipenuaan,
antivirus, antioksida dan antihipertensi. Banyak kajian juga telah dijalankan
untuk menghasilkan hidrolisat glikoprotein daripada SBW melalui hidrolisis
enzim dan hasil kajian mendapati bahawa peptida bioaktif ini meningkatkan kadar
keterlarutan serta aktiviti antioksida dan antihipertensi. Hidrolisis enzim
memecahkan rantai protein yang panjang di tapak yang khusus dan membebaskan
asid amino dan peptida kecil dengan berat molekul yang lebih rendah. Hidrolisat
SBW yang terhasil dapat meningkatkan bioaktiviti dan mengatasi masalah
ketidaklarutan dan penyerapan SBW yang rendah dalam kaedah penyediaan dan
pengambilan SBW secara tradisi. Kajian selanjutnya harus dijalankan untuk
mengoptimumkan proses penghasilan hidrolisat glikoprotein SBW serta
memaksimumkan bioketersediaan dan keberkesanannya pada sistem gastrousus manusia.
Selain itu, produk sampingan EBN yang terhasil sewaktu proses pembersihan harus
dimanfaatkan sepenuhnya untuk memperoleh semula glikoprotein bernilai tinggi,
sekaligus mengurangkan pencemaran dan pembaziran. Dalam usaha mempergiat
aktiviti R&D SBW, glikopeptida bioaktif yang dihasilkan daripada SBW boleh
menjadi bahan makanan berfungsi yang penting untuk pelbagai kegunaan dan produk
nilai tambah yang inovatif pada masa hadapan.
Kata kunci: Glikoprotein; hidrolisis; peptida bioaktif; produk nilai tambah;
sarang burung walit
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*Corresponding author; email: joe@ukm.edu.my
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