Sains Malaysiana 52(4)(2023): 1315-1332

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2023-5204-21

Mapping Sea Grass Coverage of Tanjung Benoa Bali Using Medium Resolution Satellite Imagery Sentinel 2B

(Pemetaan Liputan Rumput Laut Tanjung Benoa Bali Menggunakan Imejan Satelit Resolusi Sederhana Sentinel 2B)

ZAINUL HIDAYAH^1,*, LUCAS DE OLIVEIRA VIEIRA², RAHMA SAFITRI¹, HERLAMBANG AULIA RACHMAN¹ & ABDUR RAHMAN AS-SYAKUR^3,4

¹Department of Marine Science and Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Trunojoyo Madura, Raya Telang 02 Madura East Java, Indonesia

²Laboratory of Systematics and Ecology of Aquatic Organisms, Centre of Agrarian and Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, Chapadinha, State of Maranhão, Brazil

³Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Marine and Fisheries, Universitas Udayana

Bukit Jimbaran Campus Bali, Indonesia

⁴Environmental Research Centre, Universitas Udayana, Denpasar Bali, Indonesia

Received: 21 July 2022/Accepted: 27 February 2023

Abstract

Seagrass beds are important components of a coastal ecosystem. This ecosystem serves as the primer producers of the water food chain, habitat for marine biota, produces organic carbon, and indirectly contributes to the economic well-being of coastal communities. However, the ecosystem is vulnerable to damage caused by natural factors and human activities. The objectives of this study were, firstly to identify the distribution of seagrass beds in Tanjung Benoa using Sentinel 2B satellite imagery and secondly to compare classification results from two different approaches namely pixel-based image classification and object-based image classification. Accuracy-test was carried out using field data reference of 195 sample points in the form of a 10 m X 10 m transect. The image pre-processing process was conducted with Bottom of Atmosphere (BoA) correction using the Dark Object Subtraction (DOS) method. Furthermore, the water column correction was performed using the Depth Invariant Index (DII) and the Lyzenga algorithm. The mapping results showed that the area of seagrass beds in the shallow waters of Tanjung Benoa reaches 242.99 ha. There were seven seagrass species in the study area, with an average cover of 75%. The accuracy of object-based image classification was higher than that of pixel-based classification with a difference up to 25% for six classes classification and 15% for two classes classification. Excellent results for classifying seagrasses based on cover density can be obtained when high-resolution satellite imagery and OBIA are combined with the SVM or Fuzzy Logic algorithm.

Keywords: Image classification; seagrass beds; Sentinel 2B; Tanjung Benoa; water column correction

ABSTRAK

Hamparan rumput laut adalah komponen penting dalam ekosistem pantai. Ekosistem ini berfungsi sebagai pengeluar primer rantai makanan air, habitat biota marin, menghasilkan karbon organik dan secara tidak langsung menyumbang kepada kesejahteraan ekonomi komuniti pesisir. Walau bagaimanapun, ekosistem terdedah kepada kerosakan yang disebabkan oleh faktor semula jadi dan aktiviti manusia. Objektif kajian ini adalah, pertama untuk mengenal pasti taburan hamparan rumput laut di Tanjung Benoa menggunakan imej satelit Sentinel 2B dan kedua untuk membandingkan hasil pengelasan daripada dua pendekatan berbeza, iaitu pengelasan imej berasaskan piksel dan pengelasan imej berasaskan objek. Ujian ketepatan dijalankan dengan menggunakan rujukan data lapangan daripada 195 titik sampel dalam bentuk transek 10 m × 10 m. Proses pra-pemprosesan imej dijalankan berdasarkan pembetulan Bottom of Atmosphere (BoA) dengan menggunakan kaedah Dark Object Subtraction (DOS). Tambahan pula, pembetulan lajur air turut dilakukan dengan menggunakan Indeks Invarian Kedalaman (DII) dan algoritma Lyzenga. Hasil pemetaan menunjukkan bahawa keluasan hamparan rumput laut di perairan cetek Tanjung Benoa mencapai 242.99 ha. Terdapat tujuh spesies rumput laut di kawasan kajian dengan purata penutupan 75%. Ketepatan pengelasan imej berasaskan objek adalah lebih tinggi berbanding pengelasan berasaskan piksel dengan perbezaan sehingga 25% untuk pengelasan enam kelas dan 15% untuk pengelasan dua kelas. Keputusan yang baik untuk mengelaskan rumput laut berdasarkan kepadatan penutup boleh diperoleh apabila imej satelit resolusi tinggi dan OBIA digabungkan dengan algoritma SVM atau Fuzzy Logic.

Kata kunci: Hamparan rumput laut; pembentulan kolum air; pengelasan imej; Tanjung Benoa; Sentinel 2B

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^*Corresponding author; email: zainulhidayah@trunojoyo.ac.id