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Sains Malaysiana 42(10)(2013): 1483-1492
Density
and Diversity of Water Birds and Terrestrial Birds in Man-made Marsh, Malaysia
(Ketumpatan
dan Kepelbagaian Burung Air dan Burung Daratan di Rawa Buatan Manusia,
Malaysia)
M.
Zakaria* & M.N. Rajpar
Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra
Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
Diserahkan: 14 April 2013/ Diterima: 12 Mei 2013
ABSTRACT
Many bird species are highly dependent on natural marsh habitat.
Unfortunately this habitat is rapidly converted to other land uses. Therefore
artificial or man-made marsh habitat may become an important alternative
habitat for marsh dependent bird species. The main objective of this study was
to determine the density and diversity of water and terrestrial birds at
man–made marsh habitat at Putrajaya using distance sampling point count
technique. A total of 20010 bird individuals of 102 species representing 31.05%
water birds and 68.95% terrestrial birds were detected from March 2009 to June
2010. Density analysis showed that bird density is 0.64 + 0.02 birds ha-1 and range from 0.60 – 0.68 birds ha-1 at 95.0% confidence
interval. It was found that terrestrial birds had higher density 0.74 + 0.02
birds ha-1 than water birds 0.54 + 0.09 birds ha-1. For
water bird species, the highest density was Black-crowned Nightheron; 2.92 +
1.80 birds ha-1 followed by Purple Heron; 1.55 + 0.93 birds ha-1 and Grey Heron; 1.05 + 0.13 birds ha-1. The lowest density was
recorded in Pintail Snipe; 0.08 + 0.03 birds ha-1, Chinese Egret;
0.08 + 0.02 birds ha-1 and Great Egret; 0.07 + 0.08 birds ha-1,
respectively. In terrestrial birds, the highest bird density was observed in
Rock Pigeon 3.91 + 0.97 birds ha-1, followed by Eurasian Tree Sparrow; 3.72 +
1.03 birds ha-1, House Crow; 3.69 + 0.33 birds ha-1 and Philippine
Glossy Starling; 3.38 + 0.53 birds ha-1. The lowest bird density was recorded
in Brown-capped Woodpecker; 0.07 + 0.02 birds ha-1 and Lesser
Coucal; 0.09 + 0.03 birds ha-1. The result also shows that terrestrial
birds had higher species diversity i.e., Shannon–Wiener index (N1 =
3.10), species richness i.e., Margalef’s index (R1= 8.23) and species evenness
i.e., Pielou’s J index (E = 0.71) as compared with water birds (N1 = 2.04; R1=
8.23 and E = 0.65). This study indicates that man–made marsh is a
suitable habitat for diverse avian species and thus should be protected in
order to enhance the population of avian species.
Keywords: Density; diversity; marsh; point count; terrestrial
birds; vegetation; water birds
ABSTRAK
Banyak spesies burung adalah sangat bergantung kepada habitat paya
semula jadi. Malangnya habitat ini ditukar kepada penggunaan tanah lain secara
pesat. Oleh itu, habitat paya tiruan atau buatan manusia di Putrajaya mungkin
boleh menjadi habitat alternatif yang penting bagi spesies burung yang
bergantung kepada paya. Objektif utama kajian ini adalah untuk menentukan
kepadatan dan kepelbagaian burung air dan daratan di habitat paya buatan
manusia menggunakan teknik kiraan titik melalui pensampelan jarak. Sebanyak
20010 individu daripada 102 spesies burung dengan burung air mewakili 31.05%
dan burung daratan mewakili 68.95% telah dikesan dari Mac 2009 hingga Jun 2010.
Analisis kepadatan menunjukkan bahawa kepadatan burung ialah 0.64 + 0.02 burung
ha-1 dan julat dari 0.60 – 0.68 burung ha-1 pada
selang keyakinan 95.0%. Ia telah mendapati bahawa burung daratan mempunyai
kepadatan yang lebih tinggi 0.74 + 0.02 burung ha-1 daripada burung
air 0.54 + 0.09 burung ha-1. Bagi spesies burung air, kepadatan
tertinggi adalah Puchong Kuak; 2.92 + 1.80 burung ha-1 diikuti oleh
Bangau Paya; 1.55 + 0.93 burung ha-1 dan Puchong Seriap; 1.05 + 0.13
burung ha-1. Kepadatan terendah yang dicatatkan adalah masing-masing
Berkek Ekor Kipas; 0.08 + 0.03 burung ha-1, Bangau Cina; 0.08 + 0.02
burung ha-1 dan Bangau Besar; 0.07 + 0.08 burung ha-1,.
Untuk burung daratan, kepadatan burung tertinggi diperhatikan adalah Merpati
3.91 + 0.97 burung ha-1, diikuti oleh Ciak Eurasia; 3.72 + 1.03 burung ha-1,
Gagak Rumah; 3.69 + 0.33 burung ha-1 dan Perling Mata Merah; 3.38 +
0.53 burung ha-1. Kepadatan burung terendah yang dicatatkan adalah
Belatuk Sunda; 0.07 + 0.02 burung ha-1 dan But-but Kecil; 0.09 +
0.03 burung ha-1. Keputusan itu juga menunjukkan bahawa burung
daratan mempunyai kepelbagaian spesies lebih tinggi iaitu Indeks Shannon-Wiener
(N1 = 3.10), kelimpahan spesies indeks Margalef (R1 = 8.23) dan kesamaan
spesies indeks Pielou’s J (E = 0.71) berbanding dengan burung air (N1 = 2.04;
R1 = 8.23 dan E = 0.65). Kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa paya buatan manusia
adalah habitat yang sesuai untuk pelbagai spesies burung dan dengan itu perlu
dilindungi didalam usaha untuk meningkatkan populasi spesies burung.
Kata kunci: Burung air; burung daratan;
kepadatan; kepelbagaian; kiraan titik; paya; vegetasi
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*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: mzakaria@putra.upm.edu.my
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