Sains Malaysiana 42(10)(2013): 1529–1538

Dry Matter Yield and Chemical Composition of Sorghum Cultivars with Varying

Planting Density and Sowing Date

(Hasil Jirim Kering dan Komposisi Kimia Kultivar Sorgum dengan Perubahan

Kepadatan Penanaman dan Tarikh Menyemai)

A. Mahmood¹, Habib Ullah², A.N. Shahzad³, H. Ali³, S. Ahmad³, M. Zia-Ul-Haq⁴, B. Honermeier⁵ & M. Hasanuzzaman⁶*

¹University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan

²Departments of Horticulture, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan-60800, Pakistan

³Departments of Agronomy, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan-60800, Pakistan

⁴The Patent Office, 2^nd Floor, Kandawala Building, M.A. Jinnah Road, Karachi

⁵Institute of Agronomy and Plant Breeding-I, Justus Liebig University, Ludwigstrasse 23, D-35390 Giessen, Germany

⁶Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University

Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh

Diserahkan: 10 Mac 2013/Diterima: 12 Mei 2013

ABSTRACT

This two-year research was carried out to clarify the effect of varying sowing time, planting density and cultivar on the biomass yield and chemical composition of sorghum. The leaf area index of the sorghum plant stand reached a maximal value of 5.0−5.7 at 97 days after sowing (DAS). Cultivar ‘Bovital’ was more productive with respect to the number of tillers per plant as well as per m². Cultivars had clear impact on most of the quality parameters. Cultivar ‘Goliath’ (Sorghum bicolor × S. bicolor hybrid) had a higher biomass yield than Bovital (S. bicolor × S. sudanense hybrid). Dry matter yield was largely unaffected by the plant density at all sowing times. It was observed that Goliath exhibited higher sugar and neutral detergent fibre, while a greater content of protein was found in Bovital. Plant density had no clear influence on most of the quality parameters.

Keywords: Biomass yield; neutral detergent fibre; sowing times; sugar content

ABSTRAK

Penyelidikan dua tahun ini telah dijalankan untuk menerangkan kesan mengubah masa menyemai, kepadatan menanam dan kultivar ke atas biojisim dan komposisi kimia sorgum. Indeks kawasan daun dirian pokok sorgum mencapai nilai maksimum 5.0−5.7 pada 97 hari selepas penyemaian (DAS). Kultivar ‘Bovital’ adalah yang paling produktif daripada segi bilangan anak pokok per pokok dan juga per m². Kultivar menunjukkan kesan yang jelas kepada kebanyakan mutu parameter. Kultivar ‘Goliath’ (hibrid Sorghum bicolor × S. bicolor) mempunyai hasil biojisim yang lebih tinggi daripada Bovital (hibrid S. bicolor × S. Sudanense). Hasil jirim kering adalah tidak berkesan oleh kepadatan pokok pada semua masa menyemai. Adalah diperhatikan bahawa Goliath menunjukkan kandungan gula lebih tinggi dan serabut detergen netral, manakala kandungan protein adalah lebih tinggi telah ditemui dalam Bovital. Kepadatan pokok tidak mempunyai pengaruh ke atas kebanyakan mutu parameter.

Kata kunci: Hasil biojisim; kandungan gula; masa menyemai; serabut detergen neutral

RUJUKAN

Ahmad, S., Ahmad, A., Ali, H., Hussain, A., Garcia, A.G., Khan, M.A., Zia-Ul-Haq, M., Hasanuzzaman, M. & Hoogenboom, G. 2012a. Application of the CSM-CERES-Rice model for evaluation of plant density and irrigation management of transplanted rice for an irrigated semiarid environment. Irrigation Science DOI: 10.1007/s00271-012-0324-6.

Ahmad, S., Ahmad, A., Tojo Soler, C.M., Ali, H., Zia-ul-Haq, M., Anothai, J., Hussain, A., Hoogenboom, G. & Hasanuzzaman, M. 2012b. Application of the CSM-CERES-Rice model for evaluation of plant density and nitrogen management of fine transplanted rice for an irrigated semiarid environment. Precision Agriculture 13: 200-218.

Ahmad, S. & Hasanuzzaman, M. 2012. Integrated effect of plant density, N rates and irrigation regimes on the biomass production, N content, PAR use efficiencies and water productivity of rice under irrigated semiarid environment. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici 40: 201-211.

Carmi, A., Aharoni, Y., Edelsrein, M., Umiel, N., Hagiladi, A., Yosef, E., Nikbachat, M., Zennou, A. & Miron, J. 2006. Effect of irrigation and plant density on yield, composition and in vitro digestibility of a new forage sorghum variety, Tal, at two maturity stages. Animal Feed Science Technology 131: 120-132.

Carmi, A., Umiel, N., Hagiladi, A., Yosef, E., Ben-Ghedalia, D. & Miron, J. 2005. Field performance and nutritive value of a new forage sorghum variety Pnina recently developed in Israel Journal of Food Science and Agriculture 85: 2567-2573.

Fribourg, H.A. 1995. Summer annual grasses. In An Introduction to Grassland Agriculture edited by Barnes, R.F., Miller, D.A. & Nelson, C.J. Forages, Vol. I, Ames Iowa: Iowa State University Press. pp. 463-472.

Hasanuzzaman, M. & Karim, M.F. 2007. Performance of rapeseed (Brassica campestris) cv. SAU sarisha-1 under different row spacings and irrigation level. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Science 3: 960-965.

Hasanuzzaman, M., Karim, M.F. & Ullah, M.J. 2008. Growth dynamics of rapeseed (Brassica campestris L.) cv. SAU Sarisha-1 as influenced by irrigation levels and row spacings. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Science 2: 794-799.

Hasanuzzaman, M., Nahar, K., Roy, T.S., Rahman, M.L., Hossain, M.Z. & Ahmed, J.U. 2009a. Tiller dynamics and dry matter production of transplanted rice as affected by plant spacing and number of seedling per hill. Academic Journal of Plant Science 2: 162−168.

Hasanuzzaman, M., Rahman, M.L., Roy, T.S., Ahmed, J.U. & Zobaer, A.S.M. 2009b. Plant characteristics, yield components and yield of late transplanted aman rice as affected by plant spacing and number of seedling per hill. Advances in Biological Research 3: 201-207.

Iptas, S. & Acar, A.A. 2006. Effect of hybrid and row spacing on Maize forage yield and quality. Plant Soil Environment 11: 515-522.

Klimiuk, E., Pokoj, T., Budzynski, W. & Dubis, B. 2010. Theoretical and observed biogas production from plant biomass of different fibre contents. Bioresource Technology 101: 9527-9535.

Krampitz, M.J., Klug, K. & Fock, H.P. 1984. Rates of photosynthetic CO2 uptake, photorespiratory CO₂ evolution and dark respiration in water stressed sunflower and bean leaves. Photosynthetica 18: 322-328.

Kreig, D.R. & Hutmacher, R.B. 1986. Photosynthetic rate control in sorghum: Stomatal and non−stomatal factors. Crop Science 26: 112-117.

Lan, Y., Zhang, H., Lacey, R., Hoffmann, W.C. & Wu, W. 2009. Development of an integrated sensor and instrumentation system for measuring crop conditions. CIGR. E-Journal, XI: 1-16.

Marsalis, M.A., Angadi, S.V. & Contreras, S.V. 2010. Dry matter yield and nutritive value of corn, forage sorghum, and BMR forage sorghum at different plant populations and nitrogen rates. Field Crops Research 116: 52-57.

Miron, J., Solmon, R., Adin, G., Nir, U., Nikbachat, M., Yosef, E., Carmi, A., Weinberg, G.Z., Kipnis, T., Zuckerman, E. & Ben-Ghedalia, D. 2006. Effects of harvest stage and re-growth on yield, ensilage and in vitro digestibility of new forage sorghum varieties. Journal of Science Food and Agriculture 86: 140-147.

Miron, J., Zuckerman, E., Sadeh, D., Adin, G., Nikbakhat, M., Yosaf, E., Ghedalia, B.D., Carmi, A., Kipnas, T. & Solomon, R. 2005. Yield, composition and in vitro digestibility of new orage sorghum varieties and their ensilage characteristics. Animal Feed Science and Technology 120: 17-32.

Oslaj, M., Mursec, B. & Vindis, P. 2010. Biogas production from maize hybrids. Biomass and Bioenergy 34: 1538-1545.

Rooney, W.L., Blumenthal, J., Bean, B. & Mullet, J.E. 2007. Designing sorghum as a dedicated bioenergy feedstock. Biofuel Bioproduction and Biorefining 1: 147-157.

Rosenthal, D.W., Gerik, J.T. & Wade, J.L. 1993. Radiation use efficiency among grain sorghum cultivars and plant densities. Agronomy Journal 85: 703-705.

Shenk, J.S. & Westerhaus, M.O. 1991. Population structuring of near infrared spectra and modified partial least square regression. Crop Science 31: 1548-1555.

Steduto, P., Katerji, N., Puertos-Molina, H., Unlu, M., Mastrorilli, M. & Rana, G. 1997. Water use efficiency of sweet sorghum under water stress conditions: Gas-exchange investigations at leaf and canopy scales. Field Crops Research 54: 221-234.

Widdicombe, W.D. & Thelen, K.D.  2002. Row width and plant density effect on corn forage hybrids. Agronomy Journal 94: 326-330.

Wiedenfeld, B. & Matocha, J.  2010. Planting date, row configuration and plant population effects on growth and yield of dryland sorghum in subtropical South Texas. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 56(1): 39-47.

*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: mhzsauag@yahoo.com