Sains Malaysiana 42(8)(2013): 1181–1190

Pengetahuan Pemakanan dan Pengambilan Suplemen dalam Kalangan

Anggota Tentera Laut Diraja Malaysia

(Nutrition Knowledge and Supplements Intake Among Royal Malaysian Navy Personnel)

Razalee Sedek*

Program Sains Makanan, Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi Makanan

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor D.E., Malaysia

Poh Bee Koon

Jabatan Pemakanan dan Dietetik, Fakulti Sains Kesihatan Bersekutu

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz

50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Ismail Mohd Noor

Fakulti Perubatan dan Sains Kesihatan, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA)

Gong Badak Kampus, Gong Badak, 21300 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu Darul Iman

Malaysia

Diserahkan: 28 Mei 2012 /Diterima: 25 Januari 2013

ABSTRAK

Kajian pengetahuan pemakanan dalam kalangan pelbagai kumpulan populasi kerap dilaporkan tetapi kajian berkaitan dalam kalangan tentera jarang dilaporkan. Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk menentukan tahap pengetahuan pemakanan dan amalan penggunaan suplemen dalam kalangan anggota Tentera Laut Diraja Malaysia (TLDM). Sejumlah 909 anggota TLDM berpangkalan di Lumut, Kuantan dan Johor terlibat dalam kajian ini. Soal selidik digunakan bagi menentukan latar belakang, ciri-ciri sosio demografi, pengetahuan pemakanan dan penggunaan suplemen. Pengukuran antropometri yang dijalankan termasuk berat dan tinggi. Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa min skor pengetahuan pemakanan subjek ialah 62.5% iaitu pada tahap pengetahuan sederhana. Min skor pengetahuan pemakanan adalah lebih tinggi dalam kalangan anggota di Pangkalan Lumut, lebih berusia, lebih berpendidikan, berpangkat pegawai dan berat badan berlebihan. Sumber maklumat pemakanan yang paling popular ialah televisyen/radio (27.3%), kursus/seminar (24.9%) dan doktor/jururawat (21.6%). Sejumlah 36% subjek melaporkan menggunakan sekurang-kurangnya satu atau lebih suplemen dalam seminggu dan ini termasuk 5.8% yang menggunakannya setiap hari. Kajian asas ini dijangka memberikan maklumat berguna kepada Angkatan Tentera Malaysia dan adalah dicadangkan pendidikan pemakanan perlu diperkenalkan dalam program latihan anggota TLDM bagi memastikan status kesihatan anggota sentiasa terpelihara.

Kata kunci: Anggota TLDM; Angkatan Tentera Malaysia; pengetahuan pemakanan; suplemen

ABSTRACT

Studies on nutrition knowledge in various population groups have often been reported but such studies among the Armed Forces are rarely reported. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the status of nutrition knowledge and the intake of supplements among the Royal Malaysian Navy (RMN) personnel. A total of 909 RMN personnel based in Lumut, Kuantan and Johor had participated in this study. Questionnaire were used to assess the socio demographic variables, nutrition knowledge and supplements intake. Anthropometric measurements included height and weight. The results showed that the mean nutrition knowledge score was 62.5% corresponding to a moderate level of knowledge. Nutrition knowledge score was higher in subjects from Lumut base, older ages, more educated, officers and overweight personnel. The most common sources of nutrition information were from television/radio (27.3%), courses/seminar (24.9%) and doctors/nurses (21.6%). Of the 36% subjects that were reported, taking at least one or more supplements, 5.8% used them daily. This baseline study is expected to provide useful information to the Malaysian Armed Forces and it is suggested that nutrition education be incorporated in the RMN training programmes to ensure that the good health status of the personnel to be maintained.

Keywords: Malaysian Armed Forces; nutrition knowledge; RMN personnel; supplements

RUJUKAN

Amamoto, R., Dozono, M. & Toyama, K. 2004. The relationship between dietary life and indefinite complaint in female nutrition department students. Seinan Jo Gakuin Bulletin 3: 75-85.

American Dietetic Association’s Public Relations Team. 2000. Nutrition and you: Trends. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 100: 626-627.

American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada, & the American College of Sports Medicine. 2000. Position paper: Nutrition and athletic performance. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 100(12): 1543-1556.

Arsenault, J. & Kennedy, J. 1999. Dietary supplement use in U.S. Army Special Operations candidates. Milit. Med. 164: 495-501.

Bovill, M.E., Tharion, W.J. & Lieberman, H.R. 2003. Nutrition knowledge and supplement use among elite U.S. Army Soldiers. Milit. Med. 168(12): 997

Burke, L.M. 2001. Nutritional practices of male and female endurance cyclists. Sports Med. 31: 521-32.

Congeni, J. & Miller, S. 2002. Supplements and drugs used to enhance athletic performance. Pediatric Clinics of North America 49(2): 435-461.

Conway, T.L. 1989. Behavioral, psychological, and demographic predictors of physical fitness. Psychol. Rep. 65(3): 1123-1135.

Fatimah, S., Ahmad Ali, Z., Norlela, M.S., Safiah, M.Y. & Siti Haslinda, M.D. 2008. Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey 2003: Dietary supplement use among adults aged 18 to 59 years. Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia.

Greenwood, M.R.C. & Oria, M. 2008. Use of dietary supplements by military personnel. Washington, DC. Institute of Medicine. Executive Summary 2008.

Habash, D. 2000. High school athletes. In Sports Nutrition: A Guide for the Professional Working With Active People, edited by Rosenbloom, C.A. Chicago: The American Dietetic Association. pp. 271-294.

Harvey-Berino, J., Hood, V., Rourke, J., Terrance, T. & Dowaldt, A. 1997. Food preferences predict eating behavior of very young Mohauk children. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 97(4): 750-753.

Jacobson, B.H., Sobonya, C. & Ransone, J. 2001. Nutrition practices and knowledge of college varsity athletes: A follow-up. J. Strength Cond. Res. 15: 63-68.

Messerer, M., Johansson, S.E. & Wolk, A. 2001. Use of dietary supplements and natural remedies increased dramatically during the 1990s. J. Intern. Med. 250: 160-166.

Mohammad, R.N. 2006. The importance of body weight and weight management for military personnel. Milit. Med. 171: 550-555.

Nancy, C., Connie, E.V. & Sheldon, M. 2005. Sports nutrition for young athletes. J. Sch. Nursing 21: 323-328.

Nik Shanita, S. 2005. Pembangunan dan penentuan indeks glisemik serta jenis karbohidrat makanan pilihan atlet ketahanan tinggi. Tesis Doktor Falsafah. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (tidak diterbitkan).

NCCFN (National Coordinating Committee on Food and Nutrition). 1997. Kajian Pengetahuan, sikap dan amalan makanan dan pemakanan (orang dewasa). Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia.

Nolte, R., Franckowiak, S.C., Crespo, C.J. & Andersen, R.E. 2002. U.S. military weight standards: What percentage of U.S. young adults meet the current standards? Am. J. Med. 11: 486-490.

Norimah, A.K., Nik Shanita, S., Safiah, M.Y., Norazliana, M.N., Zawiah, A. & Tee, E.S. 2008. Nutrition knowledge among Malaysian elderly. Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia 6(2): 43-54.

Noor-Aini, M.Y., Ong, F.B., Adeeb, N., Seri, S.S., Shamsuddin, K., Mohamed, A.L., Hapizah, N., Mokhtar, A. & Wan, H.W.H. 2006. Diet, nutritional knowledge and health status of urban middle-aged Malaysian women. Asia Pac. J .Clin. Nutr. 15(3): 388-399.

Rockwell, M.S., Nickols-Richardson, S.M. & Thye, F.W. 2001. Nutrition knowledge, opinions, and practices of coaches and athletic trainers at a Division I university. Int. J. Sport Nutr. and Exerc. Metab. 11(2): 174-185.

Rosenbloom, C.A., Jonnalagadda, S.S. & Skinner, R. 2002. Nutrition knowledge of collegiate athletes in a Division I national collegiate athletic association institution. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 102(3): 418-420.

Sarah Sabreina, M.S. 2003. Keberkesanan pakej pendidikan pemakanan yang diimplemantasi di kalangan pelajar-pelajar sekolah menengah di Wilayah Persekutuan dan Selangor. Tesis Sarjana Sains. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (tidak diterbitkan).

Schneider, K., Hervig, L.K., Prusaczyk, W.K. & Goforth, H.W. 1998. Use of supplements by U.S. Navy SEALS. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 3: S60.

Shifflett, B., Timm, C. & Kahanov, L. 2002. Understanding of athletes’ nutritional needs among athletes, coaches, and athletic trainers. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 73(3): 357-362.

Singh, A., Moses, F.M. & Deuster, P.A. 1992. Chronic multivitamin-mineral supplementation does not enhance physical performance. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 24: 726-732.

Sobal, J. & Marquart, L.F. 1994. Vitamin/mineral supplement use among athletes: A review of the literature. Int. J. Sport Nutr. 4: 320-334.

Stafleu, A., Van Staveren, W.A., De Graaf, C., Burema, J. & Hautvast, J. 1996. Nutrition knowledge and attitudes towards high-fat foods and low-fat alternatives in three generations of women. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 50: 33-41.

Stephens, M.B. & Olsen, C. 2001. Ergogenic supplements and health risk behaviors. J. Fam. Prac. 50: 696-699.

Trent, L.K. 1992. Nutrition knowledge of active-duty Navy personnel. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 92: 724-728.

Van der Beek, E.J., Van Dokkum, W., Schrijver, J., Wesstra, J.A. & Van de Weerd, R.J. 1984. Effect of marginal vitamin intake on physiological performance in man. Int. J. Sports Med. 5: 28-31.

Wardle, J., Parmenter, K. & Waller, J. 2000. Nutrition knowledge and food intake. Appetite 34: 269-275.

Wirthlin Worldwide. 2002. Nutrition and You: Trends 2002. Chicago: American Dietetic Association.

Worsley, A. 2002. Nutrition knowledge and food consumption: Can nutrition knowledge change food behaviour? Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr. 11(Suppl.): S579-S585.

Young, C.R. & Stephens, M.B. 2009. Sports and nutritional supplement use in USMC recruits: A pilot study. Milit. Med. 174(2): 158-161.

*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: razalee@ukm.my