Sains Malaysiana 43(12)(2014): 1811–1819

Yield Potential of Spring Wheat Influenced by Crop Residue, Tillage System and Nitrogen Rate on Irrigated Land

(Potensi Hasil Gandum Mata Air yang Dipengaruhi oleh Sisa Tanaman, Sistem Bajakan dan Kadar

Nitrogen di Tanah Sawah)

ASAD SHAH¹*, MOHAMMAD AKMAL¹, MOHAMMAD ARIF¹ & MOHAMMAD

JAMAL KHAN²

¹Department of Agronomy, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar-Pakistan

²Department of Soil and Environmental Science, The University of Agriculture

Peshawar-Pakistan

Diserahkan: 24 Disember 2013/Diterima: 30 April 2014

ABSTRACT

Yield performance in wheat (Triticum aestivum) was compared under crop residue, tillage system and nitrogen rate treatments in cereal based cropping system. The experiments were conducted at Agronomy Research Farm, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, in 2009-2010 and 2010-2011. Chopped crop residue on dry matter basis (5 t ha^-1) of legume (Vigna unguicuata, var. Ebney) and cereal (Zea mays, var. Azam) was applied in main plots with no residue treatments and plowed with Mould Board (MB) and Cultivator as deep and shallow treatments, respectively. A month after the crop residue and tillage system treatments, field was uniformly plowed with cultivator and wheat was sown with drill in rows 25 cm apart in the month of November on both years. Both P₂ O₅ and K₂O (80 and 40 kg ha^-1, respectively) were applied uniformly to all fields before sowing. Nitrogen as subplot treatment (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg ha^-1) was applied in two splits, half at 15 and the other half at 45 days after sowing with uniform cultural practices for crop growth and development. Compared to year 1, crop of year 2 showed better phenology with extended life cycle (LC). On two years average across tillage and N treatments, biological yield did not change (p<0.05) under the residue but did report lower at no-residue treatment. Nonetheless, grain yield showed a significant (p<0.05) change with the highest in legume followed by cereal and the lowest in no-residue treatments. A non-significant tiller number and significant variations in grain weight and spike m^-2 were observed that influenced the grain and biological yield differently. Deep than shallow tillage resulted in better traits, which returned better biomass and grain yield. Nitrogen application from control to every increment showed a significant (p<0.05) improvement in all observations contributing in yield. The study confirms the significance of legume vs. cereal over no-crop residue incorporated through deep tillage system with optimum N (120 kg ha^-1) in cereal-based cropping system for sustainable performance to sustain soil C:N for future production.

Keywords: Cereals legume residue; tillage system and N rates; vegetative and reproductive days; wheat yield; yield traits

ABSTRAK

Prestasi hasil gandum (Triticum aestivum) dibandingkan antara sisa tanaman, sistem bajakan dan kadar rawatan nitrogen dalam sistem tanaman berasaskan bijirin. Uji kaji ini telah dijalankan di Ladang Kajian Agronomi, Universiti Pertanian, Peshawar pada 2009-2010 dan 2010-2011. Sisa keratin tanaman berasaskan bahan kering (5 t ha^-1) kekacang (Vigna unguicuata, var. Ebney) dan bijirin (Zea mays, var. Azam) digunakan dalam plot utama dengan rawatan tiada-sisa dan dibajak dengan acuan sepak (MB) dan penggembur masing-masing sebagai rawatan dalam dan cetek. Sebulan selepas rawatan sisa tanaman dan sistem bajakan, padang dibajak secara seragam dengan penggembur dan gandum dicambah dengan gerudi dalam baris jarak 25 cm pada bulan November pada kedua-dua tahun. Kedua-dua P₂ O₅ dan K₂O (masing-masing 80 dan 40 kg ha^-1) digunakan secara seragam untuk semua padang sebelum semaian. Nitrogen digunakan sebagai rawatan subplot (0, 40, 80, 120 dan 160 kg ha^-1) dalam dua pecahan, separuh bahagian pada hari ke-15 dan separuh lagi pada hari ke-45 selepas amalan menyemai secara lazim untuk pertumbuhan dan perkembangan tanaman. Berbanding dengan tahun 1, tanaman tahun 2 menunjukkan fenologi yang lebih baik dengan kitaran hidup lanjutan (LC). Dalam purata dua tahun rawatan N dan bajakan hasil biologi tidak berubah (p<0.05) bagi rawatan sisa tetapi lebih rendah pada rawatan tiada-sisa. Walau bagaimanapun, hasil bijirin menunjukkan perubahan yang signifikan (p<0.05) dengan yang tertinggi dalam rawatan kekacang diikuti oleh bijirin dan yang paling rendah adalah dalam rawatan tiada-sisa. Jumlah tiler tidak signifikan dan variasi signifikan dalam berat bijirin dan merejam m-2 diperhatikan mempengaruhi bijirin dan hasil biologi berbeza. Bajakan daripada cetek menghasilkan sifat seterusnya yang lebih baik dan memberi pulangan yang lebih baik dalam hasil bijirin. Aplikasi nitrogen daripada kawalan untuk setiap kenaikan menunjukkan peningkatan yang signifikan (p<0.05) dengan semua pemerhatian menyumbang kepada hasil. Kajian ini mengesahkan kepentingan kekacang vs bijirin daripada tanaman tiada-sisa yang dimasukkan melalui sistem bajakan dengan optimum N (120 kg ha^-1) bagi sistem berasaskan bijirin untuk mencapai prestasi yang mapan dalam mengekalkan tanah C:N untuk pengeluaran pada masa hadapan.

Kata kunci: Hasil gandum; hari vegetatif dan pembiakan; sifat hasil; sisa bijirin kekacang; sistem bajakan dan kadar N

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*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: a.shah@aup.edu.pk