Sains Malaysiana 44(11)(2015): 1609–1614

Optimization of Areca catechu Fronds as Adsorbent for Decolorization and COD Removal of Wastewater through the Adsorption Process

(Pengoptimuman Pelepah Areca catechu sebagai Penjerap untuk Penyingkiran Warna dan COD Air Sisa melalui Proses Penjerapan)

MUHD NAZMI ISMAIL¹*, HAMIDI ABDUL AZIZ¹, MOHD AZMIER AHMAD²

 & NIK ATHIRAH YUSOFF³

¹School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

²School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

³School of Environmental Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 01000 Arau, Perlis Indera Kayangan, Malaysia

Diserahkan: 24 November 2014/Diterima: 14 Jun 2015

ABSTRACT

Areca catechu fronds show higher capability for removal of color and COD and were utilized as an adsorbent for adsorption process. Areca catechu fronds activated carbon (AC) undergoes activation process after carbonization under purified carbon dioxide and turned as activated carbon. Three variables were chosen for the preparation optimization which consists of temperature, activation time and impregnation ratio in order to study the effect toward the removal of color and COD from cotton textile mill wastewater. For this study, the response surface methodology (RSM) was employed. Quadratic model were develop based on three variables and responses of color and COD. High values of the coefficient determination, R2 were obtained from analysis of variance (ANOVA) for both responses. The optimum Areca catechu fronds activated carbon (AC) preparation condition was established at temperature 797°C for 1.57 hour of activation time and 2.75 impregnation ratios, corresponding to the removal of color and COD with 78.83 and 62.41 %, respectively.

Keywords: Activated carbon; adsorption; Areca catechu; COD; color

ABSTRAK

Pelepah Areca catechu mempunyai kebolehan yang tinggi untuk menyingkirkan warna dan COD serta digunakan sebagai bahan penyerap untuk proses penyerapan. Karbon aktif (AC) Areca catechu melalui proses pengaktifan selepas karbonisasi dibawah karbon dioksida bersih untuk dijadikan karbon aktif (AC). Tiga pemboleh ubah dipilih untuk penyediaan optimum yang terdiri daripada suhu, masa pengaktifan dan nisbah pemadatan untuk mengkaji kesan terhadap penyingkiran warna dan COD daripada air sisa kilang tekstil kapas. Dalam kajian ini, kaedah gerak balas permukaan (RSM) telah digunakan. Model kuadratik dibangunkan berdasarkan kepada tiga pemboleh ubah serta tindak balas warna dan COD. Nilai pekali penentu, R2 diperoleh daripada analisis varians (ANOVA) untuk kedua-dua tindak balas. Keadaan penyediaan optimum karbon aktif (AC) pelepah Areca catechu pada suhu 797°C selama 1.57 jam masa pengaktifan dan nisbah pemadatan 2.75, sepadan dengan penyingkiran warna dan COD masing-masing sebanyak 78.83 dan 62.41%.

Kata kunci: Areca catechu; COD; karbon aktif; penjerapan; warna

RUJUKAN

Ahmad, A.A. & Hameed, B.H. 2009. Reduction of COD and color of dyeing effluent from a cotton textile mill by adsorption onto bamboo-based activated carbon. Journal Hazardous Materials 172: 1538-1543.

Amina, A.A., Badie, S.G. & Nady, A.F. 2008. Removal of methylene blue by carbons derived from peach stones by  H3PO4 activation: Batch and column studies. Dyes Pigments 76: 282-289.

Anouzla, A., Abrouki, Y., Soubi, S., Safi, M. & Rhbal, H. 2009. Colour and COD removal of disperse dye solution by a novel coagulant: Application of statistical design for the optimization and regression analysis. Journal of Hazardous Material 166: 1302-1306.

Arami, M., Limaee, N.Y., Mahmoodi, N.M. & Tabrizi, N.S. 2005. Equilibrium and kinetics studies for the adsorption of direct and acid dyes from aqueous solution by soy meal hull. Journal of Colloid Interface Science 288: 371-376.

Bashir, M.J.K., Aziz, H.A., Yusoff, M.S. & Adlan, M.N. 2010. Application of response surface methodology (RSM) for optimization of ammmoniacal nitrogen removal from semi-aerobic landfill leachate using ion-exchange resin. Desalination 254: 154-161.

Benkli, Y.E., Can, M.F., Turan, M. & Celik, M.S. 2005. Modification of organo-zeolite surface for the removal of reactive azo dyes in fixed-bed reactors. Water Resources 39: 487-493.

Gupta, V.K. & Suhas. 2009. Application of low-cost adsorbent for dye removal-A review. Journal of Environmental Management 90: 2313-2342.

Hameed, B.H. 2009. Spent tea leaves: A new non- conventional and low-cost adsorbent for removal of basic dye from aqueous solutions. Journal of Hazardous Materials 161: 753-759.

Hameed, B.H., Din, A.T.M. & Ahmad, A.I. 2007. Adsorption of Methylene blue onto bamboo-based carbon: Kinetics and equilibrium studies. Journal of Hazardous Materials 141: 819-825.

Jogleker, A. & May, A. 1987. Product excellence through design of experiments. Cereal Foods World 12: 857-868.

Manu, B. & Chaudhari, S. 2002. Anaerobic decolorisation of simultaned textile wastewater containing azo dyes. Bioresource Technology 82: 225-231.

Muhammad, M.H., Abdullah, S.R.S., Mohammd, A.B., Rahman, R.A. & Kadhum, A.A.H. 2013. Application of response surface methodology (RSM) for optimisation of COD, NH₃-N and 2,4-DCP removal from recycled paper wastewater in a pilot-scale granular activated carbon sequencing batch biofilm reactor (GAC-SBR). Journal of Environmental Management 121: 179-190.

Okeola, F.O. & Odebunmi, E.O. 2010. Comparison of Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms for adsorption of methylene blue by agrowaste derived activated carbon. Advances in Environmental Biology 4: 329-335.

Oller, I., Malato, S. & Sánchez-Pérez, J.A. 2011. Combination of advanced oxidation process and biological treatments for wastewater decontamination - A review. Science of the Total Environment 409: 4141-4166.

Ozdemir, O., Armagan, B., Turan, M. & Celik, M.S. 2004. Comparison of the adsorption characteristic of azo-reactive dyes on mezoporous minerals. Dyes Pigments 62: 49-60.

Ponnusami, V., Vikram, S. & Srivastava, S.N. 2008. Guava (Psidium guajava) leaf powder: Novel adsorbent for removal of methylene blue from aqueous solutions. Journal of Hazardous Materials 152: 276-286.

Robinson, T., Chandran, B. & Nigam, P. 2002. Removal of dyes from a synthetic textile dye effluent by biosorption on apple pomace and wheat straw. Water Resources 36: 2824-2830.

Sayan, E. 2006. Optimization and modelling of decolorization and COD reduction of reactive dye solutions by ultrasound - assisted adsorption. Chemical Engineering Journal 119: 175-181.

Sivaraj, R., Namasivayam, C. & Kadirvelu, K. 2001. Orange peels as an adsorbent in the removal of acid violet 17 (acid dye) from aqueous solutions. Waste Management 21: 105-110.

*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: muhdnazmi_5757@yahoo.com