 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
Sains Malaysiana 45(1)(2016): 35–41 Exposure to PAHs and Health Risk
Assessment in Three Sewage Irrigations (Pendedahan kepada PAH
dan Kesihatan Penilaian Risiko dalam Tiga Pengairan
Kumbahan) JINSHENG ZHAO,
MINGHUA
ZHOU*
& NA ZHANG College of Environmental
Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China Chinese Research
Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China Diserahkan: 28
Julai 2014/Diterima: 10 November 2014 ABSTRACT The sewage irrigation area
in Tianjin reached 6 billion m2 in 2003 which accounts for 22% of
the irrigated areas. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contamination caused by
sewage irrigation on agricultural land has attracted considerable
attention because of their toxic and hazardous risks to human beings.
In order to evaluate the health risk of PAHs to farmers in four age groups,
a multimedia/multipathway exposure model was applied. The results
showed that the chronic daily intake (CDI) of children, adolescents,
adults and the aged to the 16 PAH compounds exposure were 2.83,
2.34, 1.44, 1.05 μg·kg-1·d-1, respectively. The non-cancer
risk of life long exposure in sewage irrigation was 2.75×10-3 and
the cancer risk was 2.49×10-5. From the long-term safety point of
view, the health risks caused by PAHs
were at a relatively high level. Hence, we suggest that crops of
sewage irrigated areas and their distribution channels should be
re-concerned by the government in the future city planning. Keywords: Farmers; health risks;
sewage irrigation; PAHs ABSTRAK Kawasan pengairan kumbahan
di Tianjin mencapai 6 bilion m2 pada tahun 2003, mencakupi 22% daripada
kawasan pengairan. Pencemaran hidrokarbon aromatik polisiklik (PAH)
yang disebabkan oleh pengairan kumbahan di atas tanah pertanian
telah menarik perhatian kerana risiko toksik dan berbahaya kepada
manusia. Dalam usaha untuk menilai risiko kesihatan PAH kepada petani dalam empat kumpulan
umur, satu model pendedahan pelbagai laluan multimedia telah digunakan.
Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa pengambilan yang kronik setiap hari
(CDI)
kanak-kanak, remaja, dewasa dan orang tua kepada pendedahan 16 sebatian
PAH
masing-masing adalah 2.83, 2.34, 1.44, 1.05 μg
• kg-1 • d-1. Risiko kanser bukan-pendedahan sepanjang hayat dalam
pengairan kumbahan adalah 2.75 × 10-3 dan risiko kanser adalah 2.49
× 10-5. Daripada sudut keselamatan jangka panjang pandangan, risiko
kesihatan yang disebabkan oleh PAH berada
pada tahap yang agak tinggi. Oleh itu, kami mencadangkan agar tanaman
kawasan pengairan kumbahan dan saluran pengedaran perlu diambil
kira oleh kerajaan dalam perancangan bandar masa depan. Kata kunci: PAH; pengairan kumbahan;
petani; risiko kesihatan RUJUKAN Amoako,
J., Ansa-Asare, O.D., Karikari, A.Y. & Dartey, G. 2011. Levels
of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Densu River Basin
of Ghana. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 174(1):
471-480. Aris,
A.Z., Lim, W.Y., Praveena, S.M., Yusoff, M.K., Ramli, M.F. &
Juahir, H. 2014. Water quality status of selected rivers in Kota
Marudu, Sabah, Malaysia and its suitability for usage. Sains
Malaysiana 43(3): 377-388. Ashraf,
M.A., Ahmad, M., Aqib, S., Balkhair, K.S. & Bakar, N.K.A. 2014.
Chemical species of metallic elements in the aquatic environment
of an ex-mining catchment. Water Environment Research 86(8):
717-728. Ashraf,
M.A., Yusoff, I., Yusof, I. & Alias, Y. 2013. Study of contaminant
transport at an open tipping waste disposal site. Environmental
Science and Pollution Research 20(7): 4689-4710. Ashraf,
M.A., Maah, M.J. & Yusoff, I. 2012a. Study of chemical forms
of heavy metals collected from the sediments of tin mining catchment.
Chemical Speciation and Bioavailability 24(3): 183-196. Ashraf,
M.A., Maah, M.J. & Yusoff, I. 2012b. Chemical speciation of
heavy metals in sediments of former tin mining catchment. Iranian
Journal of Science and Technology 36(A2): 163-180. Ashraf, M.A., Maah, M.J. & Yusoff, I. 2012c. Morphology, geology
and water quality assessment of former tin mining catchment. The
Scientific World Journal 2012: 369206. Ashraf, M.A., Maah, M.J. & Yusoff, I. 2012d. Chemical speciation
and potential mobility of heavy metals in soil of former tin mining
catchment. The Scientific World Journal Article ID: 125608.
Ashraf, M.A., Maah,
M.J. & Yusoff, I. 2012e. Chemical speciation of heavy metals
in surface waters of former tin mining catchment. Chemical Speciation
and Bioavailability 24(1): 1-12. Ashraf, M.A., Maah,
M.J. & Yusoff, I. 2011. Analysis of physio-chemical parameters
and distribution of heavy metals in soil and water of ex-mining
area of Bestari Jaya, Peninsular Malaysia. Asian Journal of Chemistry
23(8): 3493-3499. Ashraf, M.A., Maah,
M.J. & Yusoff, I. 2010. Water quality characterization of Varsity
Lake, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia. E Journal
of Chemistry 7(S1): S245-S254. Bakar, A.F.A.,
Yusoff, I., Fatt, N.T. & Ashraf, M.A. 2014. Cumulative impacts
of dissolved ionic metals on the chemical characteristics of river
water affected by alkaline mine drainage from the Kuala Lipis gold
mine, Pahang, Malaysia. Chemistry and Ecology 13(1): 22-33.
Bakar, A.F.A.,
Yusoff, I., Fatt, N.T., Othman, F. & Ashraf, M.A. 2013. Arsenic,
zinc and aluminum removal from gold mine wastewater effluents and
accumulation by submerged aquatic plants (Cabomba piauhyensis,
Egeria densa, and Hydrilla verticillata). BioMed Research
International 2013: Article ID. 890803. Barakat, A.O.,
Mostafa, A., Wade, T.L., Sweet, S.T. & El Sayed, N.B. 2011.
Spatial distribution and temporal trends of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments from Lake Maryut, Alexandria, Egypt.
Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 218(1): 63-80. Feng, X., Teng,
Y.G., Li, J. & Wang, J.S. 2011. Residues characteristics and
health risk assessment of PAHs in soils on the shore of Songhua
River in Jiamusi City. The South to North Water Diversion and
Water Science & Technology 03:114. Gharibreza, M.,
Raj, J.K., Yusoff, I., Othman, Z., Zakaria, W., Tahir, W.M. &
Ashraf, M.A. 2013. Historical variations of Bera Lake (Malaysia)
sediments geochemistry using radioisotopes and sediment quality
indices. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 295(3):
1715-1730. Kim, E.J., Choi,
S.D. & Chang, Y.S. 2011. Levels and patterns of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils after forest fires in South Korea.
Environmental Science and Pollution Research 18: 1508-1517.
Kopecka-Pilarczyk,
J. & Correia, A.D. 2011. Effects of exposure to PAHs on brain
ache in gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata L., under laboratory
conditions. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
86: 379-383. Lau, E.V., Gan,
S.Y. & Ng, H.K. 2012. Distribution and source apportionment
of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface soils from
five different locations in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Bulletin
of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 88: 741-746. Li, G.C., Xia,
X.H., Yang, Z.F., Wang, R. & Voulvoulis, N. 2006. Distribution
and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the middle and
lower reaches of the Yellow River, China. Environmental Pollution
144(3): 985-993. Li, X.R., Zhao,
T.K. & Yu, Y.X. 2009. Population exposure to PAHs and the health
risk assessment in Beijing area. Journal of Agricultural Sciences
28(8): 1758-1765. Li, X.R., Li, B.A.
& Tao, S. 2005. Population exposure to PAHs in Tianjin Area.
Environmental Sciences 25(7): 989-993. Li, Y.L., Liu,
J.L., Cao, Z.G., Lin, C. & Yang, Z.F. 2010. Spatial distribution
and health risk of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAHs) in the water of the Luanhe River Basin, China. Environmental
Monitoring and Assessment 163: 1-13. Luo, X.M., Liu,
C.M. & He, M.C. 2005. Distribution and origin of polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) in the sediments of the Yellow River.
Research of Environmental Science 18(2): 48-50. Maria, L., Jessika,
H., Anna, R., Bertvan, B. & Magnus, E. 2013. Chemical and bioanalytical
characterization of PAHs in risk assessment of remediated PAH-contaminated
soils. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 20: 8511-8520. Mitra, S. &
Bianchi, T.S. 2003. Preliminary assessment of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbon distributions in the lower Mississippi River and Gulf
of Mexico. Marine Chemistry 82(4): 273-288. Muhammad, W.A.
& Salam, A. 2012. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in
vegetables and fruits produced in Saudi Arabia. Bull. Environ.
Contam. Toxicol. 88: 543-547. Nam, J.J., Thomas,
G.O., Jaward, F.M., Steinnes, E., Gustafsson, O. & Jones, K.C.
2008. PAHs in background soils from Western Europe: Influence of
atmospheric deposition and soil organic matter. Chemosphere 70(9):
1596-1602. Navarro-Ortega,
A., Ratola, N., Hildebrandt, A., Alves, A., Lacorte, S. & Barceló,
D. 2012. Environmental distribution of PAHs in pine needles, soils,
and sediments. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 19(3):
677-688. Ni, H.G., Eddy,
Y. & Zeng, H. 2012. Environmental and human exposure to soil
chlorinated and brominated polycyclic aromatic hydro carbons in
an urbanized region. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 31(7):
1494-1500. Qin, N., Zhu, Y.
& Xu, F.L. 2010. The distribution, composition and their determining
factors of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in emergent macrophytes
in small Baiyangdian Lake. Lake Science 22(1): 49-56. Qi, W. & Xu,
W. 2012. Partitioning and sources of PAHs in wastewater receiving
streams of Tianjin. China Environ. Monit. Assess. 184: 1847-1855.
Sun, J.L., Ni,
H.G. & Zeng, H. 2012. Ecological risk assessment of parent and
halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments
from an urban river in south China. Environmental Toxicology
and Chemistry 31(8): 1867-1873. U.S. EPA. 1997.
Exposure Factors Handbook: EPA/600/P- 95/002Fa [CD]. Washington,
DC 20460. Office of Research and Development, National Center for
Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
sec.1- 17. U.S. EPA. 1992.
Guidelines for Exposure Assessment FRL4129- 5. Washington
DC: Office of Health and Environmental Assessment. U.S. EPA. 1989.
Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund (Vol. I) Human Health
Evaluation Manual EPA/540/1-89/002. Washington DC: Office of
Emergency and Remedial Response. Wan, K., Jiang,
M., Yang, G.Y., Zhang, T.B., Gao, Y.X. & Wan, H.F. 2009. Distribution
characteristics of PAHs in vegetables of typical city in Pearl River
Delta: A case study of Dongguan City. Soils 41(4): 583-587.
Wang, N.N., Lang,
Y.H., Cheng, F.F. & Wang, M.J. 2011. Concentrations, sources
and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in
soils of Liaohe Estuarine Wetland. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
87: 463-468. Wi1cke, W. 2000.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil: A review. Journal
of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 163: 229-248. Yang, Y., Hu, J.Y.
& Tao, S. 2005. Loss of life expectancy analysis for cancer
risk in Tianjin area. Chinese Journal of Environmental Sciences
26(1): 69-73. Yusoff, I., Alias,
Y., Yusof, M. & Ashraf, M.A. 2013. Assessment of pollutants
migration at Ampar Tenang landfill site, Selangor, Malaysia. ScienceAsia
39: 392-409. Zhong, X.M. &
Li, Z.J. 2011. Geography of Tianjin. Beijing: Normal University
Press. Zuo, Q., Tao, S.
& Liu, W.X. 2006. PAHs in surface soils from the western watershed
of Bohai Sea. Chinese Journal of Geochemistry 25(1): 667-671.
*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: zhoumh@nankai.edu.cn
|
|||
|
