Sains Malaysiana 45(5)(2016): 729–733

Demand Feeding System Using an Infrared Light Sensor for Brown-marbled Grouper Juveniles, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus

(Penggunaan Sensor Cahaya Inframerah dalam Sistem Suapan Permintaan untuk Juvana Kerapu Harimau, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus)

YUKINORI MUKAI*¹, NAI HAN TAN¹, MUHAMMAD KHAIRULANWAR ROSLI² & CHUNG FAN LIAU³

¹Department of Marine Science, Kulliyyah of Science,International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang Darul Makmur, Malaysia

²INOCEM Research Station, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kampung Cherok Paloh

26160 Kuantan, Pahang Darul Makmur, Malaysia

³School of Engineering and Information Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia

Diserahkan: 29 Mac 2015/Diterima: 17 September 2015

ABSTRACT

In general, demand feeding devices are equipped with a mechanical trigger switch. Such a switch is not suitable for juvenile fish with a small body size, because the body weight is insufficient to trigger the feeder. An infrared light sensor that does not require the fish to push a feeder switch is more suitable for small fish. The brown-marbled grouper Epinephelus fuscoguttatus is an important fish species in Southeast Asia. The purpose of this study was to compare the growth rates (GRs) of brown-marbled grouper juveniles reared using customised demand feeding devices with an infrared light sensor (the infrared light demand feeder (IRDF) group) and automatic feeding devices (the automatic feeder (AF) group). The results indicated that GRs of standard lengths and body weights showed no significant differences using one-way analysis of variance; however, the standard length of the IRDF group showed a tendency of a higher GR than the AF group. Although the feed conversion ratio (FCR) also showed no significant difference, the FCR of the IRDF group was more efficient, indicating that the IRDF group yielded a more desirable FCR. These results indicate that IRDF can be used in the culture of brown-marbled grouper juveniles. In view of the working schedule of the fish farm staff, IRDF are superior to other feeding devices, because they are less labour-intensive than usual tasks. We conclude that IRDF is a useful feeding system for aquaculture.

Keywords: Brown-marbled grouper; Epinephelus fuscoguttatus; demand feeding; infrared light sensor

ABSTRAK

Secara umum, peranti suapan permintaan dilengkapi dengan suis pencetus mekanikal. Suis berkenaan tidak sesuai untuk ikan juvana bersaiz badan kecil kerana berat badan mereka tidak mencukupi untuk mengaktifkan peranti suapan. Sensor cahaya inframerah yang tidak memerlukan ikan untuk menolak suis peranti suapan adalah lebih sesuai untuk ikan bersaiz kecil. Kerapu harimau Epinephelus fuscoguttatus merupakan spesies ikan yang penting di Asia Tenggara. Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk membandingkan kadar pertumbuhan (GRs) juvana kerapu harimau yang diternak menggunakan peranti suapan permintaan yang diterapkan dengan sensor cahaya inframerah (kumpulan suapan permintaan inframerah (IRDF)) dan peranti suapan automatik (kumpulan suapan automatik (AF)). Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa tiada perbezaan yang signifikan dalam GRs panjang piawai dan berat badan melalui analisis varians sehala; walau bagaimanapun, panjang piawai kumpulan IRDF menunjukkan adanya kecenderungan peningkatan GR berbanding kumpulan AF. Walaupun tiada perbezaan yang signifikan pada nisbah penukaran makanan (FCR), FCR kumpulan IRDF adalah lebih efisien dan ini menunjukkan bahawa kumpulan IRDF menghasilkan FCR yang lebih wajar. Hasil kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa IRDF boleh digunakan dalam penternakan juvana kerapu harimau. Apabila jadual kerja pekerja penternakan ikan diambil kira, IRDF adalah lebih baik berbanding peranti suapan yang lain kerana ia tidak memerlukan tenaga kerja yang ramai. Kami menyimpulkan bahawa IRDF adalah satu sistem suapan yang berguna untuk akuakultur.

Kata kunci: Epinephelus fuscoguttatus; Kerapu harimau; sensor cahaya inframerah; suapan permintaan

RUJUKAN

Alanärä, A. 1996. Review, The use of self-feeders in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) production. Aquaculture 145: 1–20.

Amano, M., Iigo, M., Sunuma, T., Yamashita, M., Furukawa, K., Tabata, M. & Yamamori, K. 2007. Development of new self-feeding system for mass rearing ayu Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis under artificial and natural light-dark cycles. Fisheries Science 73: 800–807.

Azzaydi, M., Madrid, J.A., Zamora, S., Sánchez-Vázquez, F.J. & Martínez, F.J. 1998. Effect of three feeding strategies (automatic, ad libitum demand-feeding and time-restricted demand-feeding) on feeding rhythms and growth in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). Aquaculture 163: 285–296. 　

Cotton, C.F. & Walker, R.L. 2004. Comparison of four commercial diets and three feeding rates for black sea bass, Centropristis striata, fingerlings. Journal of Applied Aquaculture 16: 131–146.

Covès, D., Beauchaud, M., Attia, J., Dutto, G., Bouchut, C. & Bégout, M.L. 2006. Long term monitoring of individual fish triggering activity on a self-feeding system: An example using European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Aquaculture 253: 385-392.

Covès, D., Gasset, E., Lemariè, G. & Dutto, G. 1998. A simple way of avoiding feed wastage in European seabass, Dicentrarchus labrax, under self-feeding conditions. Aquatic Living Resources 11: 395–401.

Heydarnejad, M.S. & Purser, J. 2013. Demand-feeding activity of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in raceways. World Journal of Zoology 8: 36-46.

Kohbara, J., Hidaka, I., Matsuoka, F., Osada, T., Furukawa, K., Yamashita, M. & Tabata, M. 2003. Self-feeding behavior of yellowtail, Seriola quinqueradiata, in net cages: Diel and seasonal patterns and influences of environmental factors. Aquaculture 220: 581-594.

Kohbara, J., Hidaka, I., Kuriyama, I., Yamashita, M., Ichikawa, M., Furukawa, K., Aida, K., Sánchez-Vázquez, F.J. & Tabata, M. 2000. Nocturnal/diurnal demand-feeding pattern of yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata under different keeping conditions. Fisheries Science 66: 955-962.

Lopez, V.G. & Castello-Orvay, F. 1995. Growth of Epinephelus guaza under different culture conditions. CIHEAM–Options Mèditerranèennes 16: 149-157.

Paspatis, M. & Boujard, T. 1996. A comparative study of automatic feeding and self-feeding in juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed diets of different energy levels. Aquaculture 145: 245-257.

Rubio, V.C., Vivas, M., Sánchez-Mut, A., Sánchez-Vázquez, F.J., Covès, D., Dutto, G. & Madrid, J.A. 2004. Self-feeding of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, L.) under laboratory and farming conditions using a string sensor. Aquaculture 233: 393–403.

Sánchez-Muros, M.J., Corchete, V., Suarez, M.D., Cardenete, G., Gomez-Milan, E. & Higuera, M. 2003. Effect of feeding method and protein source on Sparus aurata feeding patterns. Aquaculture 224: 89-103.

Sánchez-Vázquez, F.J., Madrid, J.A., Zamora, S., Iigo, M. & Tabata, M. 1996. Demand feeding and locomotor circadian rhythms in the goldfish, Carassius auratus: Dual and independent phasing.  Physiology & Behavior 60: 665–674.

Sánchez-Vázquez, F.J. & Tabata, M. 1998. Circadian rhythms of demand-feeding and locomotor activity in rainbow trout. Journal of Fish Biology 52: 255–267.

Shima, T., Yamamoto, T., Furuita, H. & Suzuki, N. 2003. Effect of the response interval of self-feeders on the self-regulation of feed demand by rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fry. Aquaculture 224: 181–191.

Sunuma, T., Amano, M., Yamanome, T., Furukawa, K. & Yamamori, K. 2007. Self-feeding activity of a pleuronectiform fish, the barfin flounder. Aquaculture 270: 566–569.

Tan, N.H., Firdaus, R.F. & Mukai, Y. 2013. Determination of visual axis of brown-marbled grouper, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus to develop a demand feeding system. Malaysian Journal of Science 32: 24–28.

*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: mukai9166@gmail.com