Sains Malaysiana 45(5)(2016): 761–768

Oral Health Knowledge, Practice and Dental Plaque Maturity Status of Hearing-Impaired Children

(Pengetahuan, Amalan Kesihatan Oral dan Status Plak Pergigian Matang dalam Kalangan Kanak-kanak Bermasalah Pendengaran)

HALIZA TUGEMAN¹, NORMASTURA ABD RAHMAN¹* & AZIZAH YUSOFF¹ &

MOHD KHAIRI MD DAUD²

¹Dental Public Health Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia

²Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian,

Kelantan, Malaysia

Diserahkan: 8 Jun 2015/Diterima: 17 November 2015

ABSTRACT

Hearing impairment is an unseen handicapped that lead to communication barriers which might impede knowledge transfer. The aim of this study was to compare the oral health knowledge, practice and dental plaque maturity between hearing-impaired (HI) and normal children. A cross sectional study was conducted among children aged 7-14 years old. The HI children were recruited from a special school for the deaf while the normal children were from the primary and secondary schools in Bachok, Kelantan. The oral health knowledge and practice was assessed by face to face interview whilst the dental plaque maturity status was evaluated using GC Tri Plaque ID Gel™ (TPID). The data was analysed using IBM SPSS version 22. HI children had significantly poor oral health knowledge and oral health practice compared to normal children (p<0.05). HI children had significantly more matured plaque compared to normal children with mean (SD) DPMS of 1.8 (0.57) and 1.3 (0.20), respectively (p<0.001). In conclusion, there were poor oral health knowledge, poor oral hygiene practice and high plaque maturity among HI children.

Keywords: Dental plaque; hearing impaired; oral hygiene

ABSTRAK

Gangguan pendengaran adalah sejenis kecacatan yang tidak boleh dilihat serta mengakibatkan halangan untuk berkomunikasi dan boleh menjejaskan proses penyebaran pengetahuan. Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk membandingkan tahap pengetahuan dan amalan penjagaan kesihatan oral serta tahap plak matang dalam kalangan kanak-kanak bermasalah pendengaran (HI) dan kanak-kanak normal. Satu kajian rentas telah dijalankan dalam kanak-kanak berumur 7-14 tahun. Kanak-kanak HI dalam kajian ini adalah daripada sekolah pendidikan khas manakala kanak-kanak normal daripada sekolah rendah dan menengah di daerah Bachok, Kelantan. Tahap pengetahuan dan amalan kesihatan mulut telah dinilai melalui temu duga bersemuka manakala tahap plak matang telah dikaji menggunakan GC Tri Plaque ID Gel™ (TPID). Data telah dianalisis menggunakan IBM SPSS versi 22. Kanak-kanak HI mempunyai tahap pengetahuan kesihatan mulut yang rendah secara signifikan berbanding kanak-kanak normal (p<0.05). Kanak-kanak HI mempunyai plak matang lebih tinggi secara signifikan berbanding kanak-kanak normal dengan min (SD) tahap plak matang masing-masing 1.8(0.57) dan 1.3(0.20) (p<0.001). Kesimpulannya tahap pengetahuan dan amalan berkaitan kesihatan mulut adalah rendah manakala kadar plak matang adalah tinggi dalam kalangan kanak-kanak HI.

Kata kunci: Kebersihan mulut; masalah pendengaran; plak pergigian

RUJUKAN

Ab-Murat, N. & Watt, R. 2006. Chief dentists' perceived strengths and weaknesses of oral health promotion activities in Malaysia. Annal Dentistry University Malaya 13: 1-5.

Al-Omiri, M.K., Al-Wahadni, A.M. & Saeed, K.N. 2006. Oral health attitudes, knowledge, and behavior among school children in North Jordan. Journal of Dental Education 70(2): 179-187.

Armfield, J.M. & Heaton, L.J. 2013. Management of fear and anxiety in the dental clinic: A review. Australian Dental Journal 58(4): 390-407.

Axelsson, P., Nyström, B. & Lindhe, J. 2004. The long-term effect of a plaque control program on tooth mortality, caries and periodontal disease in adults. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 31(9): 749-757.

Bonito, A.J. 2002. Executive summary: Dental care considerations for vulnerable populations. Special Care in Dentistry 22(3): 5S-10S.

Brostek, A.M. & Walsh, L.J. 2014. Minimal intervention dentistry in general practice. Oral Health and Dental Management 13(2): 285-294.

Champion, J. & Holt, R. 2000. Paediatric dentistry: Dental care for children and young people who have a hearing impairment. British Dental Journal 189(3): 155-159.

Dalton, D.S., Cruickshanks, K.J., Klein, B.E., Klein, R., Wiley, T.L. & Nondahl, D.M. 2003. The impact of hearing loss on quality of life in older adults. The Gerontologist 43(5): 661-668.

Daud, M.K.M., Noor, R.M., Rahman, N.A., Sidek, D.S. & Mohamad, A. 2010. The effect of mild hearing loss on academic performance in primary 184 school children. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 74(1): 67-70.

Department of Statistics Malaysia, Official Portal. Population distribution and basic demographic characteristic report. 2010. Updated: 05/08/2011. http://www.statistics.gov.my/ portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_ Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf. Accessed March 3, 2015.

Doichinova, L. & Peneva, M. 2011. Questionnaire survey on oral hygiene awareness of children with hearing impairment. Problems of Dental Medicine 37(1): 21-25.

Elena, B. & Petr, L. 2004. Oral health and children attitudes among mothers and schoolteachers in Belarus. Stomatologija Baltic Dental and Maxillofacial Journal 6: 40-43.

Greene, J.C. & Vermillion, J.R. 1964. The simplified oral hygiene index. The Journal of the American Dental Association 68: 7-13.

Howell, R. & Brimble, M. 2013. Dental health management for children with special healthcare needs: Rachel Howell and Mandy Brimble outline the importance of good dental care and access to treatment for vulnerable patients. Nursing Children and Young People 25(5): 19-22.

Jain, M., Mathur, A., Kumar, S., Dagli, R.J., Duraiswamy, P. & Kulkarni, S. 2008. Dentition status and treatment needs among children with impaired hearing attending a special school for the deaf and mute in Udaipur, India. Journal of Oral Science 50(2): 161-165.

Kumar, S., Dagli, R.J., Mathur, A., Jain, M., Duraiswamy, P. & Kulkarni, S. 2008. Oral hygiene status in relation to sociodemographic factors of children and adults who are hearing impaired, attending a special school. Special Care in Dentistry 28(6): 258-264.

Loe, H. & Silness, J. 1963. Periodontal disease in pregnancy. I. Prevalence and severity. Acta odontologica Scandinavica 21: 533-551.

Marsh, P.D., Michael, V.M., Michael, A.O.L. & David, W.W. 2009. Oral Microbiology. Edinburgh, New York: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier.

Marya, C. 2011. A Textbook of Public Health Dentistry. Panana: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd.

Mohd Khairi, M.D., Din Suhaimi, S., Shahid, H. & Normastura, A.R. 2005. Hearing screening of infants in Neonatal Unit, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia using transient evoked otoacoustic emissions. The Journal of Laryngology & Otology 119: 678-683.

Munoz-Baell, I. & Ruiz, M. 2000. Empowering the deaf. Let the deaf be deaf. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 54(1): 40-44.

Newton, J.T. 2012. Interdisciplinary health promotion: A call for theory‐based interventions drawing on the skills of multiple disciplines. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 40(s2): 49-54.

Oral Health Division. (2004). Oral Heathcare for Children with Special Needs. Kuala Lumpur.

O'leary, T.J., Drake, R.B. & Naylor, J.E. 1972. The plaque control record. Journal of Periodontology 43(1): 38.

Oredugba, F. 2004. Oral health care knowledge and practices of a group of dear adolescents in Lagos, Nigeria. Journal of Public Health Dentistry 64(2): 118-120.

Petersen, P.E. 2003. The World Oral Health Report 2003: Continuous improvement of oral health in the 21st century– the approach of the WHO Global Oral Health Programme. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 31(1): 3-24.

Podshadley, A.G. & Haley, J.V. 1968. A method for evaluationg oral hygiene performance. Public Health Reports 83(3): 259-264.

Pretty, I.A., Edgar, W.M., Smith, P.W. & Higham, S.M. 2005. Quantification of dental plaque in the research environment. Journal of Dentistry 33(3): 193-207.

Purohit, B.M., Acharya, S. & Bhat, M. 2010. Oral health status and treatment needs of children attending special schools in South India: A comparative study. Special Care in Dentistry 30(6): 235-241.

Rajab, L., Petersen, P., Bakaeen, G. & Hamdan, M. 2002. Oral health behaviour of schoolchildren and parents in Jordan. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 12(3): 168-176.

Ramfjord, S.P. 1967. The periodontal disease index (PDI). Journal of Periodontology 38(6): 602-610.

Rode, S.d.M., Gimenez, X., Montoya, V.C., Gómez, M., Blanc, S.L.d., Medina, M., Salinas, E., Pedroza, J., Zaldivar-Chiapa, R.M. & Pannuti, C.M. 2012. Daily biofilm control and oral health: Consensus on the epidemiological challenge-Latin American Advisory Panel. Brazilian Oral Research 26(1): 133-143.

Seneviratne, C.J., Zhang, C.F. & Samaranayake, L.P. 2011. Dental plaque biofilm in oral health and disease. The Chinese Journal of Dental Research 14(2): 87-94.

Siddibhavi, M.B., Ankola, A.V., Arora, D., Singhal, D., Singh, D. & Naik, K. 2011. Oral health attitude and awareness among school children. World Journal of Science and Technology 6(1): 43-51.

Sambunjak, D., Nickerson, J.W., Poklepovic, T., Johnson, T.M., Imai, P., Tugwell, P. & Worthington, H.V. 2011. Flossing for the management of periodontal diseases and dental caries in adults. The Cochrane Library.

Smyth, E., Caamaño, F. & Fernández-Riveiro, P. 2007. Oral health knowledge, attitudes and practice in 12-year-old schoolchildren. Medicina Oral, Patología Oral y Cirugía Bucal 12(8): 614-620.

Ubido, J., Huntington, J. & Warburton, D. 2002. Inequalities in access to healthcare faced by women who are deaf. Health & Social Care in the Community 10(4): 247-253.

Wei, H., Wang, Y.L., Cong, X.N., Tang, W.Q. & Wei, P.M. 2012. Survey and analysis of dental caries in students at a deaf-mute high school. Research in Developmental Disabilities 33(4): 1279-1286.

WHO. 2013. Deafness and Hearing Loss. http:// www.who.int/ mediacentre/factsheets/ fs300/en/. Accessed 10 May 2013.

*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: normastura@usm.my