Sains Malaysiana 46(9)(2017): 1531–1540

http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2017-4609-23

 

Landslide Factors and Susceptibility Mapping on Natural and Artificial Slopes in Kundasang, Sabah

(Faktor Tanah Runtuh dan Pemetaan Kerentanan ke atas Cerun Semula Jadi dan Buatan di Kundasang, Sabah)

 

 

KAMILIA SHARIR¹, RODEANO ROSLEE², LEE KHAI ERN³ & NORBERT SIMON^1*

 

¹School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

 

²School of Science & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, UMS Road, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah Negeri di Bawah Bayu, Malaysia

 

³Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

 

Diserahkan: 9 Disember 2016/Diterima: 2 Mei 2017

 

ABSTRACT

This study was carried out on the hilly topographic area in Kundasang, Sabah. This area is known to be extremely prone to landslides that occurred either naturally or by human interference to natural slopes. Aerial photographs interpretations was conducted in order to identify landslide distributions across three assessment years (2012, 2009 and 1984). These datasets were classified into two landslides groups based on their occurrences; natural and artificial. A total of 362 naturally occurring landslides were identified and another 133 are artificial slope landslides. Physical parameters which include lithology, slope angle, slope aspect and soil series were analyzed with each landslide group to examine the different influence of these parameters on each of the group. From the analysis, the landslide density for the natural landslide group shows that more than 35° slope angle and slope aspect facing east and southwest are prone to landslides. In terms of geological materials, high landslide density is recorded in the phyllite, shale, siltstone and sandstone lithologies group and the Pinosuk, Kepayan and Trusmadi soil series. In contrast, for the artificial slope landslide, high landslide density is observed in the 25°-35° slope angle and similar density in every slope aspect classes. The geological materials however have similar landslide density across their factors’ classes. The landslide density technique was also used to generate the landslide susceptibility maps for both landslide conditions. Validation of the maps shows acceptable accuracy of 71% and 74%, respectively, for both natural and artificial slope landslide susceptibility maps and this shows that these maps can be used for future land use planning.

 

Keywords: Artificial slope landslide; landslide; landslide density; landslide susceptibility; natural landslide

 

ABSTRAK

Kajian ini dijalankan di kawasan bertopografi tinggi yang terletak di Kundasang, Sabah. Kawasan ini terkenal dengan kejadian tanah runtuh tinggi yang berlaku secara semula jadi ataupun secara gangguan oleh manusia pada cerun semula jadi. Penafsiran fotograf udara telah dilakukan untuk mengenal pasti taburan tanah runtuh sepanjang tiga tahun penilaian (2012, 2009 dan 1984). Set data ini telah dikelaskan kepada dua kumpulan tanah runtuh berdasarkan kepada punca berlakunya tanah runtuh, sama ada secara semula jadi atau pada cerun buatan. Sejumlah 362 tanah runtuh semula jadi telah dikenal pasti manakala 133 tanah runtuh lagi berlaku di cerun buatan. Parameter fizikal; litologi, sudut kecuraman cerun, aspek cerun dan siri tanah dianalisis bersama dengan setiap kumpulan tanah runtuh untuk melihat perkaitannya pada setiap kumpulan tersebut. Daripada analisis yang dibuat, ketumpatan tanah runtuh dalam kumpulan tanah runtuh semula jadi menunjukkan bahawa, sudut kecuraman cerun melebihi 35° dan aspek cerun yang menghadap arah timur dan barat daya mempunyai tahap kerentanan tanah runtuh yang tinggi. Daripada segi bahan geologi pula, ketumpatan tanah runtuh yang tinggi direkodkan dalam batuan jenis filit, syal, batu lodak dan batu pasir serta jenis tanah daripada siri Pinosuk, Kepayan dan Trusmadi. Bagi ketumpatan tanah runtuh yang berlaku di cerun buatan manusia pula, ketumpatan tinggi direkodkan pada sudut kecuraman cerun 25°-35° dan hampir sama dalam setiap kelas aspek cerun. Daripada segi bahan-bahan geologi pula, ketumpatan tanah runtuh adalah hampir sama dalam semua kelas jenis batuan dan siri tanah. Teknik ketumpatan tanah runtuh ini juga digunakan untuk menghasilkan peta kerentanan tanah runtuh untuk kedua-dua set data ini. Pengesahan peta ini menunjukkan nilai ketepatan yang boleh diterima iaitu 71% dan 74% masing-masing untuk peta kerentanan tanah runtuh semula jadi dan cerun buatan manusia dan ini menunjukkan peta-peta ini boleh digunakan dalam perancangan guna tanah pada masa hadapan.

 

Kata kunci: Kerentanan tanah runtuh; ketumpatan tanah runtuh; tanah runtuh; tanah runtuh cerun buatan; tanah runtuh semula jadi

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*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: norbsn@ukm.edu.my