Sains Malaysiana 47(6)(2018): 1123–1129

http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2018-4706-07

Effects of Soaking in Glycerol and Conventional Solvents on the Grinding of Kempas Wood (Koompassia malaccensis)

(Kesan Rendaman dalam Gliserol dan Pelarut Konvensional pada Pengisaran Kayu Kempas (Koompassia malaccensis))

POH LEE LOH, NOOR AZLINA ABDUL GHANI, NABILAH SUHAILI, ZETTY SHAFIQA OTHMAN, MUHAMMAD RAHIMI YUSOP, RIZAFIZAH OTHAMAN & NUR HASYAREEDA HASSAN*

School of Chemical Science and Food Technology

Faculty of Science and Technology Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia

Diserahkan: 30 Ogos 2017/Diterima: 29 Disember 2017

ABSTRACT

Glycerol, the main by-product in biodiesel manufacturing, is a useful and environment-friendly solvent for many organic and inorganic substrates. This study investigates the effects of soaking using glycerol, silicone oil, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and Organosolv (1:1 water: ethanol) on energy consumption in the process of grinding kempas wood and on the particle size of ground kempas. Kempas wood chips were soaked in various solvents at 90°C for 1 h. The structural characterisation of untreated and treated kempas was analysed using CHNS, ATR-FTIR and XRD. Meanwhile, the grinding energy was calculated based on power per unit time while particle size was analysed using nested column sieves. Glycerol has high stability, good compatibility with other chemicals and is environmentally friendly. Glycerol-soaked kempas consumed less energy which led to energy saving of up to 0.015 W h and exhibited the smallest average particle size (263 μm) close to that of untreated kempas due to glycerol lubricating properties. Therefore, glycerol can be used as an alternative to conventional solvents in reducing the grinding energy consumption and particle size of lignocellulosic biomass.

Keywords: Glycerol; grinding energy;kempas woods; lignocellulose biomass; Organosolv

ABSTRAK

Gliserol, hasil sampingan utama dalam pembuatan biodiesel merupakan pelarut berguna dan mesra alam bagi kebanyakan substrat organik dan bukan organik. Kajian ini mengkaji kesan perendaman menggunakan gliserol, minyak silikon, dimetil sulfoksida (DMSO) dan Organosolv (1:1 air: etanol) terhadap penggunaan tenaga dalam proses pengisaran kayu kempas dan saiz zarah kempas kisaran. Serpihan kayu kempas direndam dalam pelbagai pelarut pada suhu 90°C selama 1 jam. Pencirian struktur ke atas kempas tidak dirawat dan dirawat dianalisis menggunakan CHNS, ATR-FTIR dan XRD. Manakala tenaga kisaran dikira berdasarkan kuasa per unit masa dan saiz zarah dianalisis menggunakan penapis kolum bersarang. Gliserol mempunyai kestabilan yang tinggi, keserasian yang baik dengan bahan kimia lain dan mesra alam. Kempas yang direndam dalam gliserol menggunakan tenaga yang lebih rendah dan membawa kepada penjimatan tenaga sehingga 0.015W h dan mempamerkan purata saiz zarah yang paling kecil (263 μm) yang sangat hampir dengan kempas yang tidak dirawat disebabkan oleh sifat pelincir gliserol. Oleh itu, gliserol boleh digunakan sebagai pelarut alternatif kepada pelarut konvensional dalam mengurangkan penggunaan tenaga kisaran dan saiz zarah biojisim lignoselulosa.

Kata kunci: Biojisim lignoselulosa; gliserol; kayu kempas; Organosolv; tenaga kisaran

REFERENCES

Adapa, P., Tabil, L. & Schoenau, G. 2011. Grinding performance and physical properties of non-treated and steam-exploded barley, canola, oat, and wheat straw. Biomass Bioenergy 35: 549-561.

Ang, T.N., Ngoh, G.C., Chua, A.S.M. & Lee, M.G. 2012. Elucidation of the effect of ionic liquid pretreatment on rice husk via structural analyses. Biotechnology for Biofuels 5(1): 67-77.

Awadel, K.S., Nazhad, M.M. & Paszner, L. 1999. Factors affecting crystalline structure of cellulose during solvent purification treatment. Holzforschung 53: 1-8.

Binder, J.B. & Raines, R.T. 2010. Fermentable sugars by chemical hydrolysis of biomass. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107(10): 4516-4521.

Brandt, A., Erickson, J.K., Hallett, J.P., Murphy, R.J., Potthast, A., Ray, M.J., Rosenau, T., Schrems, M. & Welton, T. 2012. Soaking of pine wood chips with ionic liquids for reduced energy input during grinding. Green Chemistry 14: 1079- 1085.

Da Silva, G.P., Mack, M. & Contiero, J. 2009. Glycerol: A promising and abundant carbon source for industrial microbiology. Biotechnology Advance 27: 30-39.

David, M.A. & Henry Academy, G.S. 1996. Glycerol: A jack of all trades. (http://www.chem.yorku.ca/hall_of_fame/ essays96/glycerol.htm).

Davis, L. 2009. Sediment entrainment potential in modified alluvial streams: Implications for re-mobilization of stored in-channel sediment. Physical Geography 30: 249-268.

Kuo, C.H. & Lee, C.K. 2009. Enhancement of enzymatic saccharification of cellulose by cellulose dissolution pretreatments. Carbohydrate Polymers 77: 41-46.

Labbe, N., Rials, T.G., Kelley, S.S., Cheng, Z.M., Kim, J.Y. & Li, Y. 2005. FT-IR imaging and pyrolysis-molecular beam mass spectrometry: New tools to investigate wood tissues. Wood Science and Technology 39(1): 61-77.

Mani, S., Tabil, L.G. & Sokhansanj, S. 2004. Grinding performance and physical properties of wheat and barley straws, corn stover and switchgrass. Biomass Bioenergy 27: 339-352.

Milichovsky, M. 1990. A new concept of chemistry refining processes. Tappi Journal 73(10): 221-232.

Pagliaro, M. & Rossi, M. 2010. The Future of Glycerol. UK: The Royal Society of Chemistry.

Park, S. & Kazlauskas, R.J. 2003. Biocatalysis in ionic liquids – advantages beyond green technology. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 14: 432-437.

Poletto, M.P., Zattera, A.J. & Santana, R.M.C. 2012. Structural differences between wood species: Evidence from chemical composition, FTIR spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 126: 336-343.

Popescu, C.M., Singurel, G., Popescu, M.C., Vasile, C., Argyropoulos, D.S. & Willför, S. 2009. Vibrational spectroscopoy and X-ray diffraction methods to establish the differences between hardwood and softwood. Carbohydrate Polymer 77: 851-857.

Proniewicz, L.M., Paluszkiewicz, C., Weselucha-Birczynska, A., Majcherczyk, H., Baranski, A. & Konieczna, A. 2001. FT-IR and FT-Raman study of hydrothermally degradated cellulose. Journal of Molecular Structure 596(1-3): 163-169.

Samios, J. & Durov, V.A. 2004. Novel Approaches to the Structure and Dynamics of Liquids: Experiments, Theories and Simulations. Netherlands: Kluwer Academic.

Sannigrahi, P., Miller, S.J. & Ragauskas, A.J. 2010. Effect of organosolv pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis on cellulose structure and crystallinity in Loblolly pine. Carbohydrate Research 345(7): 965-970.

Segal, L., Creely, J.J., Martin Jr., A.E. & Conrad, C.M. 1959. An empirical method for estimating the degree of crystallinity of native cellulose using the X-ray diffractometer. Textile Research Journal 29(10): 786-794.

Sikalo, S., Marengo, M., Tropea, C. & Ganic, E.N. 2002. Analysis of impact of droplets on horizontal surfaces. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 25: 503-510.

Sun, F. & Chen, H. 2008. Organosolv pretreatment by crude glycerol from oleochemicals industry for enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat straw. Bioresource Technology 99: 5474-5479.

Wong, A.H.H. 1988. Natural decay resistance of kempas (Koompassia malaccensis) with included phloem against rot fungi: A laboratory evaluation. Journal of Tropical Forest Science (1): 162-169.

Zhu, J., Pan, X. & Zalesny, R. 2010. Pretreatment of woody biomass for biofuel production: Energy efficiency, technologies, and recalcitrance. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology (87): 847-857.

*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: syareeda@ukm.edu.my