 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2019-4810-01
Vocal Response of Oriental Magpie
Robin (Copsychus saularis) to Urban Environmental Factors
in Peninsular Malaysia (Respons Vokal Murai Kampung (Copsychus
saularis) kepada Faktor Persekitaran Bandar di Semenanjung Malaysia)
SHAFINAZ HANAFI1,
CHONG
LEONG
PUAN1,2,3*,
SREETHERAN
MARUTHAVEERAN4
& KOK LOONG YEONG5,6
1Faculty
of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM
Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia 2Institute
of Tropica Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra
Malaysia, 43400 UPM
Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia 3Biodiversity
Unit, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400
UPM
Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia 4Faculty
of Design and Architecture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM
Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia 5Leverhulme
Centre for Climate Change Mitigation (LC3M), University of Sheffield,
Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Alfred Denny Building,
Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom 6South East Asia Rainforest
Research Partnership, Danum Valley Field Centre, 91112, Lahad Datu,
Sabah, Malaysia Diserahkan: 6 Disember 2018/Diterima:
29 Julai 2019 ABSTRACT Anthropogenic noise and changes
in environmental gradients resulted from urbanisation have been
shown to alter vocalisation of urban birds in previous studies.
This study examined the vocalisation of the Oriental Magpie Robin
(Copsychus
saularis; locally known as Murai Kampung) in relation
to anthropogenic noise and environmental factors in the urban, suburban
and rural areas in Peninsular Malaysia. We measured four ambient
factors (i.e. ambient noise, temperature, relative humidity and
light intensity) and two landscape factors (i.e. distance to building
and distance to major roads) between January and June 2017 from
six locations. A total of 147 recordings comprising territorial
songs of the bird were obtained and transcribed into spectrograms.
Six parameters, namely low frequency, high frequency, frequency
ranges, length of strophe, number of elements per strophe, and time
interval between strophes were derived from spectrograms for each
recording. In urban areas, low frequency of the songs was found
to have increased significantly as compared to those recorded in
suburban and rural areas. The difference in noise, temperature and
relative humidity in urban and suburban environment had led to both
single and interaction effects towards the Oriental Magpie Robin’s
song parameters, i.e. low frequency, length of strophe, time interval
between strophes and number of elements per strophe. The results
evidenced the ability of the Oriental Magpie Robin in regulating
and altering their song structure according to its surrounding environment.
This implies its vocal plasticity which is important in ensuring
the efficiency in transmission of songs and is likely to explain
why the bird is less susceptible to urbanisation. Keywords: Ambient and landscape
factors; bird species; frequency; urbanisation; vocalization ABSTRAK Kajian terdahulu telah menunjukkan
bahawa bunyi antropogenik dan perubahan faktor persekitaran yang
berpunca daripada pembandaran telah mengubah penyuaraan burung bandar.
Kajian ini bertujuan untuk meneliti perkaitan antara penyuaraan
Murai kampung (Copyschus
saularis) dan bunyi antropogenik serta faktor persekitaran di
kawasan bandar, pinggir bandar dan luar bandar di Semenanjung Malaysia.
Kami mengukur empat faktor persekitaran (iaitu bunyi persekitaran,
suhu, kelembapan relatif dan keamatan cahaya) dan faktor landskap
(iaitu jarak ke bangunan dan jarak ke jalan utama) antara bulan
Januari dan Jun 2017 di enam lokasi terpilih. Sejumlah 147 rakaman
yang mengandungi nyanyian wilayah burung tersebut telah diperoleh
dan ditukarkan kepada spektogram. Enam parameter iaitu frekuensi
rendah, frekuensi tinggi, julat frekuensi, panjang strof, bilangan
unsur per strof dan selang masa antara strof telah dihasilkan daripada
spektrogram untuk setiap rakaman. Di bandar, adalah didapati bahawa
frekuensi rendah telah meningkat secara ketara berbanding dengan
di kawasan pinggir bandar dan luar bandar. Perbezaan bunyi antropogenik,
suhu dan kelembapan relatif di bandar dan pinggir bandar telah menyebabkan
kesan tunggal dan kesan interaksi terhadap parameter nyanyian burung
Murai, iaitu frekuensi rendah, panjang strof, selang masa antara
strof dan bilangan unsur dalam setiap strof. Hasil kajian ini telah
membuktikan keupayaan Murai kampung untuk mengawal serta mengubah
struktur nyanyiannya berdasarkan kepada keadaan persekitaran. Ini
juga menunjukkan keplastikan vokal burung tersebut adalah penting
untuk menjamin keberkesanan nyanyian dan ini juga menjelaskan mengapa
nyanyian burung Murai kampung adalah kurang dipengaruhi oleh keadaan
perbandaran. Kata kunci: Faktor ambien dan landskap; kekerapan; penyuaraan; perbandaran;
spesies burung RUJUKAN Arroyo-Solís,
A., Castillo, J.M., Figueroa, E., López-Sánchez, J.L. & Slabbekoorn,
H. 2013. Experimental evidence for an impact of anthropogenic noise
on dawn chorus timing in urban birds. Journal of Avian Biology
44: 288-296. Aziz,
S.Q., Lulusi, Asaari, F.A.H., Ramli, N.A., Aziz, H.A., Mojiri, A.
& Umar, M. 2012. Assessment of traffic noise pollution in Bukit
Mertajam, Malaysia and Erbil City, Iraq. Caspian Journal of Applied
Sciences Research 1: 1-11. Barker,
N.K.S. & Mennill, D.J. 2009. Song perch height in Rufous-and-White
Wrens: Does behaviour enhance effective communication in a tropical
forest? Ethology 115: 897-904. Bermúdez-Cuamatzin,
E., Ríos-Chelén, A.A., Gil, D. & Garcia, C.M. 2009. Strategies
of song adaptation to urban noise in the House Finch: Syllable pitch
plasticity or differential syllable use? Behaviour 146: 1269-1286.
Blumenrath,
S.H., Dabelsteen, T. & Pedersen, S.B. 2004. Being inside nest
boxes: Does it complicate the receiving conditions for Great Tit
Parus major females? Bioacoustics 14: 209-223. Boncoraglio,
G. & Saino, N. 2007. Habitat structure and the evolution of
bird song: a meta-analysis of the evidence for the acoustic adaptation
hypothesis. Functional Ecology 21: 134-142. Brumm,
H. & Slabbekoorn, H. 2005. Acoustic communication in noise.
Advances in the Study of Behaviour 35: 151-209. Mendes,
S., Colino-Rabanal, V.J. & Peris, S.J. 2011. Bird song variations
along an urban gradient: the case of the European Blackbird (Turdus
merula). Landscape and Urban Planning 99: 51-57. Dunmak,
A. & Sitasuwan, N. 2007. Song dialect of Oriental Magpie Robin
(Copsychus saularis) in Northern Thailand. The Natural
History Journal of Chulalongkorn University 7(2): 145-153. Danmek,
A. & Sitasuwan, N. 2016. Repertoire and geographical variation
in song of Oriental Magpie Robin (Copsychus saularis) in
northern Thailand. Current Science 111(8): 1400-1406. Danmek,
A. & Sitasuwan, N. 2017. Persistence and alteration of the song
structure of the Oriental Magpie Robin (Copsychus saularis)
in some areas of Northern Thailand. Chiang Mai Journal of Science
44(2): 478-486. Davison,
G.W.H. & Yeap, C.A. 2010. A Naturalist’s Guide to the Birds
of Malaysia Including Sabah and Sarawak. Oxford: John Beaufoy
Publishing. Department
of Environment (DOE). 2007. The Planning Guidelines for Environmental
Noise Limits and Control. https://www.doe.gov.my/portalv1/en/info-umum/the-planning-guidelines-for-environmental-noise-limits-and-control/272.
Faeth,
S.H., Bang, C. & Saari, S. 2011. Urban biodiversity: Patterns
and mechanisms. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1223:
69-81. Faraway,
J.J. 2006. Extending the Linear Model with R: Generalized Linear,
Mixed Effects and Nonparametric Regression Models. Boca Raton:
Chapman and Hall. Francis,
C.D., Ortega, C.P. & Cruz, A. 2010. Vocal frequency change reflects
different responses to anthropogenic noise in two suboscine tyrant
flycatchers. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series
B 278(1714): 2025-2031. Fuller,
R.A., Warren, P.H. & Gaston, K.J. 2007. Daytime noise predicts
nocturnal singing in urban robins. Biology Letters 3(4):
368-370. Grueber,
C.E., Nakagawa, S., Laws, R.J. & Jamieson, I.G. 2011. Multimodel
inference in ecology and evolution: Challenges and solutions. Journal
of Evolutionary Biology 24(4): 699- 711. Halfwerk, W., Holleman, L.J.M., Lessells,
C.M. & Slabbekoorn, H. 2011. Negative impact of traffic noise
on avian reproductive success. Journal
of Applied Ecology 48(1): 210-219. Halfwerk, W. & Slabbekoorn, H. 2009. A behavioural mechanism
explaining noise-dependent frequency use in urban birdsong. Animal
Behaviour 78(6): 1301-1307. Hasan, A.R. & Nair, P.L. 2014. Urbanization and growth of metropolitan
centres in Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Economic Studies 51(1):
87-101. Hasan, N.M. & Badri, M. 2016. Effect of ambient temperature on
dawn chorus of house sparrows. Environment and Ecology Research
4(3): 161-168. Hill, S.D., Aryal, A., Pawley, M.D.M. & Ji, W. 2018. So much
for the city: Urban-rural song variation in a widespread Asiatic
songbird. Integrative Zoology 13(2): 194-205. Hu, Y. & Cardoso, G.C. 2009. Are bird species that vocalize at
higher frequencies preadapted to inhabit noisy urban areas? Behavioural
Ecology 20(6): 1268-1273. Job, J.R., Kohler, S.L. & Gill, S.A. 2016. Song adjustments by
an open habitat bird to anthropogenic noise, urban structure and
vegetation. Behavioural Ecology 27(6): 1734-1744. Koli, V.K. 2014. Morning territorial calls of male Oriental Magpie
Robin (Copsychus saularis). TAPROBANICA: The Journal of
Asian Biodiversity 6(1): 60-62. Lowry, H., Lill, A. & Wong, B.B. 2013. Behavioural responses
of wildlife to urban environments. Biological Reviews 88(3):
537-549. Luther, D.A., Phillips, J. & Derryberry, E.P. 2016. Not so sexy
in the city: Urban birds adjust songs to noise but compromise vocal
performance. Behavioural Ecology 27(1): 332-340. Martin, S.D., Gray, D.A. & Cade, W.H. 2000. Fine-scale temperature
effects on cricket calling song. Canadian Journal of Zoology
78(5): 706-712. McCarthy, A.H., Potvin, D.A., Aslam, T., Bartlett, R., Beebe, S.,
Bennet, J., Hitchcock, D.J. & Tee, M. 2013. Differences between
the songs of rural and urban Australian Magpies (Gymnorhina tibicen)
and the potential consequences for territorial interactions. Notornis
60(2): 143-150. McKinney, M.L. 2006. Urbanization as a major cause of biotic homogenization.
Biological Conservation 127(3): 247-260. Morton, E.S. 1975. Ecological sources of selection on avian sounds.
The American Naturalist 109(965): 17-34. Naguib, M. 2003. Reverberation of rapid and slow trills: Implications
for signal adaptations to long range communication. Journal of
the Acoustical Society of America 113: 1749-1756. Nicholls, J.A. & Goldizen, A.W. 2006. Habitat type and density
influence vocal signal design in Satin Bowerbirds. Journal of
Animal Ecology 75(2): 549-558. Polak, M. 2014. Relationship between traffic noise levels and song
perch height in a common passerine bird. Transportation Research
Part D 30: 72-75. Potvin, D.A., Parris, K.M. & Mulder, R.A. 2011. Geographically
pervasive effects of urban noise on frequency and syllable rate
of songs and calls in Silvereyes (Zosterops lateralis). Proceedings
of the Royal Society Series B 278(1717): 2464- 2469. Puan, C.L., Yeong, K.L., Ong, K.W., Fauzi, M.I.A., Yahya, M.S. &
Khoo, S.S. 2019. Influence of landscape matrix on urban bird abundance:
Evidence from Malaysian citizen science data. Journal of Asia-Pacific
Biodiversity 12(3): 369-375. Pudjowati, U.R., Yanuwiyadi, B., Sulistiono, R. & Suyadi. 2013.
Estimation of noise reduction by different vegetation type as a
noise barrier: A survey in highway along Waru-Sidoarjo in East Java,
Indonesia. Research Inventy: International Journal of Engineering
and Science 2(11): 20-25. Robson, C. 2000. A Field Guide to the Birds of South-East Asia.
London: New Holland. p. 504. Seress, G. & Liker, A. 2015. Habitat urbanization and its effects
on birds. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 61(4):
373-408. Slabbekoorn, H. 2004. Singing in the wild: The ecology of birdsong.
In Nature’s Music: The Science of Birdsong, edited by Marler,
P. & Slabbekoorn, H. San Diego: Elsevier Academic Press. Sprau, P., Roth, T., Naguib, M. & Amrhein, V. 2012. Communication
in the third dimension: Song perch height of rivals affects singing
response in Nightingales. PLoS ONE 7: 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0032194.
Turčoková, L., Osiejuk, T.S., Pavel, V., Glapan, J. & Petrusková,
T. 2010. Song divergence of two Bluethroat subspecies (Luscinia
s. svecica and L. s. cyanecula). Ornis Fennica 87:
168-179. Wanniarachchi, S. & Wijesundara, C.S. 2016. The repertoire and
structure of vocalisations of the Southern Magpie Robin (Copsychus
saularis ceylonensis) in the Kandy region, Sri Lanka. Ceylon
Journal of Science 45: 47-54. Wells, D.R. 2010. The birds of the Thai-Malay Peninsula. The Condor.
110(3): 589-590. World Health Organization (WHO). 1999. Guidelines for Community
Noise. World Health Organization. https://apps. who.int/iris/handle/10665/66217.
*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: chongleong@upm.edu.my
|
|||
