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Sains Malaysiana 48(5)(2019):
1035–1042 http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2019-4805-12
The Influence of Surfactant/Co-Surfactant
Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance on the Formation of Limonene-Based
Microemulsion as Vitamin C Carrier (Pengaruh Keseimbangan Hidrofilik-Lipofilik
Surfaktan/Ko-Surfaktan
terhadap Pembentukan Mikroemulsi Berasaskan Limonena sebagai Pembawa Vitamin C) RAMLI, S.1,2*,
CHYI,
K.T.1,
ZAINUDDIN,
N.1,
MOKHTAR,
W.N.A.W.1
& ABDUL RAHMAN, I.3 1Centre for Advanced
Materials and Renewable Resources, Faculty of Science and Technology,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia,
43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul
Ehsan, Malaysia 2Polymer Research
Center, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi,
Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia 3Nuclear Technology
Research Center, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi,
Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia Diserahkan: 5 Disember
2018/Diterima: 19 Mac 2019 ABSTRACT This research was conducted to
produce a limonene-based microemulsion
system as vitamin C carrier. The microemulsion
was produced using limonene as the oil phase, tween20 and tween80
as surfactants while propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol 400
and glycerol as co-surfactants. Pseudo-ternary phase diagrams
were constructed to determine the microemulsion area by using the water titration method at
25°C. The effect of hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB)
value of the mixture of S/CoS on the
formation of limonene-based microemulsion
was studied. The HLB
value calculated for the mixture of tween20/propylene
glycol in the different ratio was between 10.1 and 13.4. From
the experiment, the preparation of limonene-based microemulsion system with tween20/propylene glycol was able
to provide large and high stability of microemulsion
region on ternary phase diagram (23.6%) while higher HLB value
resulted in larger microemulsion area
in ternary phase diagrams. The sole formulation with propylene
glycol was further selected to carry out the physicochemical characterization
of system’s stability, particle size and electrical conductivity.
All microemulsion systems showed good
stability for four weeks at temperature of 4, 25 and 40°C without
any phase change and separation. Particle size characterization
results elucidated that all microemulsion
systems consisted particle size between 20 and 100 nm. The study
of electrical conductivity showed that water-in-oil microemulsion
was formed from 5-45% wt. of water whereas bicontinuous
microemulsion was formed from 50-90% wt. of water content.
Overall, the result showed that microemulsion
tween20/propylene glycol/limonene/water was potential as a carrier
system of vitamin C. Keywords: HLB;
limonene; microemulsion; propylene glycol;
tween20 ABSTRAK Kajian ini dijalankan untuk menghasilkan satu sistem mikroemulsi
berasaskan limonena
sebagai pembawa vitamin C. Mikroemulsi dihasilkan dengan menggunakan limonena sebagai fasa minyak, campuran
tween20 dan tween80 sebagai
surfaktan, manakala
propilena glikol, polietilena glikol 400 dan gliserol bertindak
sebagai ko-surfaktan.
Rajah fasa pseudo-ternari
dibina bagi menentukan
keluasan rantau
pembentukan mikroemulsi yang menggunakan kaedah penitratan air pada suhu 25°C. Kesan nilai keseimbangan hidrofilik-lipofilik (HLB)
bagi campuran S/KoS terhadap pembentukan
mikroemulsi berasaskan
limonena turut dikaji. Nilai HLB bagi campuran tween20/propilene glikol dalam pelbagai nisbah adalah antara
10.1 dan 13.4. Penyediaan
sistem mikroemulsi berasaskan limonena dengan tween20/propilena glikol berupaya memberikan rantau mikroemulsi yang luas pada gambar rajah fasa ternari (23.6%). Berdasarkan kajian ini, nilai HLB yang
tinggi telah
memberikan rantau mikroemulsi yang lebih luas pada gambar
rajah fasa ternari.
Formulasi yang terdiri daripada propilena glikol dipilih untuk pencirian fizikokimia yang melibatkan kestabilan sistem, saiz partikel dan
kekonduksian elektrik.
Perbandingan sifat fizikokimia dilakukan bagi sistem mikroemulsi
yang mengandungi vitamin C serta
sistem asas
tanpa penambahan vitamin C. Kesemua sistem mikroemulsi yang dikaji menunjukkan kestabilan yang tinggi selama empat
minggu pada
suhu 4, 25 dan 40°C tanpa sebarang perubahan dan pemisahan
fasa. Pencirian
saiz partikel menunjukkan
sistem mikroemulsi
mempunyai saiz partikel antara 20 dan 100 nm. Ujian kekonduksian elektrik pula menunjukkan mikroemulsi jenis air-dalam-minyak (a/m) terbentuk bagi peratusan air 5-45% bt. manakala peratusan
air antara 50-90% bt.
membentuk mikroemulsi dwiselanjar. Secara keseluruhan, sistem mikroemulsi tween20/propilena glikol/limonena/air berpotensi sebagai sistem pembawa vitamin C. Kata kunci: HLB;
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1797-1805. *Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: su_ramli@ukm.edu.my
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