Sains Malaysiana 49(7)(2020): 1567-1576

http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2020-4907-09

Growth Performance and Organoleptic Quality of Hybrid Grouper (Epinephelus fuscogutattus ♀ × Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂) Fed Palm-Oil Based Diets at Grow-Out Stage

(Prestasi Pertumbuhan dan Kualiti Organoleptik Kerapu Hibrid (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀ x Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂) yang diberi Diet Berasaskan Minyak Sawit pada Peringkat Tumbesaran)

SANDRA NATALIE GUDID¹, LIM LEONG SENG¹, ANNITA YONG SEOK KIAN¹, UUN YANUHAR², SALEEM MUSTAFA¹ & ROSSITA SHAPAWI¹*

¹Borneo Marine Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia

²Department of Aquatic Resources Management, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Brawijaya Univesity, Malang, 65144, Indonesia

Diserahkan: 11 Januari 2020/Diterima: 9 Mac 2020

ABSTRACT

The performance of crude palm oil (CPO)-based diets in the grow-out stage of hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × Epinephelus lanceolatus) was examined in a net-seacage culture system. Isoproteic (50% crude protein) and isolipidic (16% crude lipid) experimental diets were formulated to replace fish oil (FO) at 25% increment level; 25CPO, 50CPO, 75CPO, and 100CPO. The FO-based diet was formulated to serve as a control treatment (100FO). Triplicate groups of hybrid grouper containing 30 fish per treatment were stocked in 15 cages and fed once daily.  After 4 months of feeding trial, no significant differences (p>0.05) were observed in terms of growth performance, survival, feed utilization efficiency, body indices, fillet yield, and condition factor of fish fed different experimental diets. Except for total cholesterol, all parameters for blood analysis showed no significant differences (p>0.05) among the treatments. Findings from the organoleptic test showed that all fillets were well accepted by the consumers without any significant differences in their scores (p>0.05). In conclusion, CPO is an excellent source of lipid to replace fish oil in the grow-out diet for hybrid grouper, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × Epinephelus lanceolatus.

Keywords: Cost-effective feed; grow-out; growth performance; hybrid grouper; palm oil

ABSTRAK

Prestasi diet berasaskan minyak sawit mentah (CPO) pada peringkat tumbesaran kerapu hibrid (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × Epinephelus lanceolatus) telah diperiksa di dalam sistem pengkulturan sangkar jaring di laut. Diet isoproteik (50% protein mentah) dan isolipidik (16% lipid mentah) telah diformulasi untuk menggantikan minyak ikan (FO) pada tahap 25% kenaikan; 25CPO, 50CPO, 75CPO dan 100CPO. Diet berasaskan FO telah dirumus untuk menjadi diet kawalan (100FO).  Kumpulan triplikat kerapu hibrid yang mengandungi 30 ekor ikan per rawatan telah distok di dalam 15 sangkar dan diberi makan sekali sehari. Selepas 4 bulan percubaan pemakanan, tiada perbezaan bererti (p>0.05) yang diperhatikan daripada segi prestasi pertumbuhan, kemandirian, kecekapan penggunaan makanan, indeks badan, hasil filet dan faktor keadaan ikan yang diberi makan diet uji kaji berlainan. Kecuali untuk kolesterol, semua parameter untuk analisis darah menunjukkan tiada perbezaan bererti (p>0.05) dalam rawatan. Penemuan daripada ujian organoleptik menunjukkan bahawa semua filet dapat diterima dengan baik oleh pengguna tanpa mempunyai perbezaan bererti (p>0.0.5) dalam semua rawatan. Secara kesimpulannya, CPO adalah sumber lipid yang cemerlang untuk menggantikan minyak ikan di dalam diet tumbesaran untuk kerapu hibrid, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × Epinephelus lanceolatus.

Kata kunci: Kerapu hibrid; makananan berkos-efektif; minyak sawit; prestasi pertumbuhan; tumbesaran

RUJUKAN

Aliyu-Paiko, M. & Hashim, R. 2012. Effects of substituting dietary fish oil with crude palm oil and palm fatty acid distillate on growth, muscle fatty acid composition and the activities of hepatic lipogenic enzymes in snakehead (Channa striatus, Bloch 1793) fingerling. Aquac. Res. 43(5): 767-776.

Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) 1999. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International. Vol 1, 5th revision (16th edition). Washington: Association of Office Analytical Chemists International.

Asdari, R., Aliyu-Paiko, M., Hashim, R. & Ramachandran, S. 2011. Effects of different dietary lipid sources in the diet for Pangasius hypopthalmus (Sauvage, 1878) juvenile on growth performance, nutrient utilization, body indices and muscle and liver fatty acid composition. Aquac. Nutr. 17(1): 44-53.

Babalola, T.O., Oyawale, F.E., Adejumo, I.O. & Bolu, S.A. 2016. Effects of dietary fish oil replacement by vegetable oil on the serum biochemical and haematological parameters of African catfish (Heterbranchus longifilis) fingerlings. Iran J. Fish Sci. 15(2): 775-788.

Bahurmiz, O.M. & Ng, W.K. 2007. Effects of dietary palm oil source on growth, tissue fatty acid composition and nutrient digestibility of red hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis sp., raised from stocking to marketable size. Aquac. 262(2-4): 382-392.

Baoshan, L., Bingshan, H., Jiying, W., Shixin, W., Tiantian, H., Yongzi, S. & Yu, H. 2019. Effects of replacing fish oil with wheat germ oil on growth, fat deposition, serum biochemical indices and lipid metabolic enzyme of juvenile hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀ × Epinephelus lanceolatus♂). Aquac. 505(2019): 54-62.

Bell, J.G., Pratoomyot, J., Strachan, F., Henderson, R.J., Fontanillas, R., Herbard, A., Guy, D.R., Hunter, D. & Tocher, D.R. 2010. Growth, flesh adiposity and fatty acid composition of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) families with contrasting flesh adiposity: Effects of replacement of dietary fish oil with vegetable oil. Aquac. 306(1-4): 225-232.

Bell, J.G., Henderson, R.J., Tocher, D.R., McGhee, F., Dick, J.R., Porter, A., Smullen, R.P. & Sargent, J.R. 2002. Substituting fish oil with crude palm oil in the diet of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) affects muscle fatty acid composition and hepatic fatty acid metabolism. J. Nutr. 132(2): 222-230.

Benedito-Palos, L., Navarro, J.C., Sitja-Bobadilla, A., Bell, J.G., Kaushik, S. & Pérez-Sánchez, J. 2008. High levels of vegetable oils in plant protein-rich diets fed to gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.): Growth performance, muscle fatty acid profiles and histological alterations of target tissues. Br. J. Nutr. 100(5): 992-1003.

Bligh, E.G. & Dyer, W.J. 1959. A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Can. J. Biochem. 37(1959): 911-917.

Bouraoui, L., Sanchez-Gurmaches, J., Cruz-Garcia, L., Guttiérrez, J., Benedito-Palos, L., Pérez-Sánchez, J. & Navarro, I. 2011. Effect of dietary fish meal and fish oil replacement on lipogenic and lipoprotein lipase activities and plasma insulin in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Aquac. Nutr. 17(1): 54-63.

Castro, C.O., Couto, A., Péréz-Jiménez, A., Serra, C.R., Díaz-Rosales, P., Fernandes, R., Corraze, G., Panserat, S. & Oliva-Teles, A. 2015. Effects of fish oil replacement by vegetable oil blend on digestive enzymes and tissue histomorphology of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 42(1): 203-217.

FAO 2014. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture: Opportunities and Challenges. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome. p. 229.

Ferdouse, F. 2014. Live fish trade in Asia in 2013. Aquac. Asia Pac. 10(3): 44-45.

Fountoulaki, E., Vasilaki, A. & Hurtado, R. 2009. Fish oil substitution by vegetable oils in commercial diets for gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.); Effects on growth performance, flesh quality and fillet fatty acid profile. Recovery of fatty acid profiles by a fish oil finishing diet under fluctuating temperatures. Aquac. 289(3-4): 317-326.

Gilman, C.I., Leusch, F.D.L., Breckenridge, W.C. & McLatchy, D.L. 2003. Effects of phytosterol mixture on male fish plasma lipoprotein fractions and testis P450scc activity. Gen. Comp. Endocr. 130(2): 172-184.

Han, Y.Z., Ren, T.J., Jiang, Z.Q., Jiang, B.Q., Gao, J., Shunsuke, K. & Komilus, C.F. 2012. Effects of palm oil blended with oxidized fish oil on growth performances, hematology, and several immune parameters in juvenile Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicas. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 38(6): 1785-1794.

Jiang, S., Wu, X., Li, W., Wu, M., Luo, Y., Lu, S. & Lin, H. 2015. Effects of dietary protein and lipid levels on growth, feed utilization, body and plasma biochemical compositions of hybrid grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus × Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) juveniles. Aquac. 446(2015): 148-155.

Kamarudin, M.S., Ramezani-Fard, E., Saad, C.R. & Harmin, S.A. 2011. Effects of dietary fish oil replacement by various vegetable oils on growth performance, body composition and fatty acid profile of juvenile Malaysian mahseer, Tor tambroides. Aquac. Nutr. 18(5): 532-543.

Kappel, F., Fisher-Fleming, R. & Hogue, E.J. 1995. Ideal pear sensory attributes and fruits characteristics. Hort. Sci. 30(5): 988-993.

Komilus, C.G., Shichi, N. & Koshio, S. 2008. Influences of palm oil blended with fish oil on growth performances and lipid profiles of red sea bream Pagrus major. Aquac Sci. 56(3): 317-326.

Lin, H.Z., Liu, Y.J., He, J.G., Zheng, W.H. & Tian, L.X. 2007. Alternative vegetable lipid sources in diets for grouper, Epinephelus coioides (Hamilton): Effects on growth, and muscle and liver fatty acid composition. Aquac. Res. 38(15): 1605-1611.

Miller, M.R., Nichols, P.D. & Carter, C.G. 2007. Replacement of fish oil with thraustochytrid Schizochytrium sp. L oil in Atlantic salmon parr (Salmo salarL) diets. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 148(2): 382-392.

Mohamad-Zulkifli, N.F.N., Yong, A.S.K., Kawamura, G., Lim, L.S., Senoo, S., Devic, E., Mustafa, S. & Shapawi, R. 2019. Apparent digestibility coefficient of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae in formulated diets for hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀ x Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂).  AACL Bioflux. 12(2): 513-522.

Mourente, G. & Bell, J.G. 2006. Partial replacement of dietary fish oil with blends of vegetable oils          (rapeseed, linseed and palm oils) in diets for European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) over a long-term growth study: Effects on muscle and liver fatty acid composition and effectiveness if a fish oil finishing diet. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 145(3-4): 389-399.

Nanton, D.A., Vegusdal, A. & Rørå, A.M.B. 2007. Muscle lipid storage pattern, composition, adipocyte distribution in different parts of Atlantic salmon (Salmon salar) fed fish oil and vegetable oil. Aquac. 265(1-4): 230-243.

Ng, W.K. & Wang, Y. 2011. Inclusion of crude palm oil in the broodstock diets of female Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, resulted in enhanced reproductive performance compared to broodfish fed diets with added fish oil or linseed oil. Aquac. 314(1-4): 122-131.

Ng, W.K., Chong, C.Y. & Wang, Y. 2013. Effects of dietary fish and vegetable oils on growth, tissue fatty acid composition, oxidative stability and vitamin E content of red hybrid tilapia and efficacy of using fish oil finishing diets. Aquac. 372(2013): 97-110.

Niu, J., Liu, Y.J., Tian, L.X., Mai, K., Zhou, Q., Yang, H. & Ye, C. 2007. Maize oil can replace fish oil in the diet of grouper postlarvae (Epinephelus coioides) without adversely affecting growth or fatty acid composition. Am. J. Agric. Biol. Sci. 2(2): 81-87.

Ochang, S.N., Fagbenro, O.A. & Adebayo, O.T. 2007. Growth performance, body composition, haematology and product quality of the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fed diets with palm oil. Pak. J. Nutr. 6(5): 452-459.

Oo, A.N., Satoh, S. & Tsuchida, N. 2007. Effects of replacements of fishmeal and fish oil on growth and dioxin contents of rainbow trout. Fish. Sci. 73(4): 750-759.

Peng, S., Chen, L., Qin, J.G., Huo, J., Yu, N., Long, Z., Ye, J. & Sun, X. 2008. Effects of replacement of dietary fish oil by soybean oil on growth performance and liver biochemical composition in juvenile black seabream, Acanthopagrus schlegeli. Aquac. 276(1-4): 154-161.

PORIM 1995. PORIM Test Methods. Kuala Lumpur: Palm Oil Research Institute of Malaysia.

Rahimnejad, S., Bang, I.C. & Park, J.Y. 2015. Effects of dietary protein and lipid levels on growth performance, feed utilization and body composition of juvenile hybrid grouper, Epinephelus fuscuguttatusx E. lanceolatus. Aquac. 446(2015): 283-289.

Richard, N., Kaushik, S., Larroquet, L., Panserat, S. & Corraze, G. 2006a. Replacing dietary fish oil by vegetable oils has little effects on lipogenesis, lipid transport and tissue lipid uptake in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Bri. J. Nutr. 96(2): 299-309.

Richard, N., Mourente, G., Kaushik, S. & Corraze, G. 2006b. Replacement of a large portion of fish oil by vegetable oils does not affect lipogenesis, lipid transport and tissue lipid uptake in European seabass (Dicentrarchus labraxL.). Aquac. 261(3): 1077-1087.

Shapawi, R., Ching, F.F., Senoo, S. & Mustafa, S. 2019. Nutrition, growth and resilience of tiger grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) × giant Grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus) hybrid ‐ A review. Rev. Aquac. 11(4): 1285-1296.

Shapawi, R., Ebi, I., Yong, A.S.K. & Ng, W.K. 2014. Optimizing the growth performance of brown-marbled grouper, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus (Forskal), by varying the proportion of dietary protein and lipid levels. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 191: 98-105.

Shapawi, R., Mustafa, S. & Ng, W.K. 2008. Effects of dietary fish oil replacement with vegetable oils on growth and tissue fatty acid composition of humpback grouper, Cromileptes altivelis (Valenciennes). Aquac Res. 39(3): 315-323.

Tucker, J.W.J. 1999. Species profile: Grouper aquaculture. [USDA Grant No. 94-38500-0045] SRAC Publication, No. 721. p. 11.

Turchini, G.M., Hermon, K., Cleveland, B.J., Emery, J.A., Rankin, T. & Francis, D.S. 2013. Seven fish oil substitutes over a rainbow trout grow-out cycle: I) Effects on performance and fatty acid metabolism. Aquac. Nutr. 19: 82-94.

Turchini, G.M., Moretti, V.M., Mentasti, T., Orban, E. & Franco, V. 2007. Effects of dietary lipid source on fillet chemical composition, flavour volatile compounds and sensory characteristics in the freshwater fish tench (Tinca tinca L.). Food Chem. 102(4): 1144-1155.

Yong, A.S.K., Mubarak, N.S.S. & Shapawi, R. 2019.  Effects of partial replacement of fish oil with different vegetable oils on growth, feed utilization and fatty acid profile of hybrid grouper juvenile (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus x Epinephelus lanceolatus). J. Oil Palm Res. 31(1): 110-121.

*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: rossita@ums.edu.my