Sains Malaysiana 49(9)(2020): 2187-2196

http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2020-4909-16

Effects of a Newly Developed Palm-Based Processing Aid and Curing Systems on the Physical Properties of Nitrile Rubber Composites

(Kesan Pembangunan Baharu Bantuan PemprosesanBerasaskan Sawit dan Sistem Pemvulkanan pada Sifat Fizikal Komposit Getah Nitril)

HANI MOHD HANIF*, KOK CHONG YONG & SIANG YIN LEE

Department of Technology and Engineering, Malaysian Rubber Board, RRIM station, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

Diserahkan: 15 Oktober 2019/Diterima: 12 Mei 2020

ABSTRACT

Researches on developing renewable and eco-friendly processing aid are still on-going in the effort of replacing conventional petroleum-based processing aid. In this study, the effects of a palm-based processing aid (Bio) and curing systems on the physical properties of nitrile rubber (NBR) composites were evaluated. Curing systems studied were conventional (CV), semi-efficient (SEV) and efficient (EV) curing systems. It was found that regardless of the curing systems, the addition of Bio reduced the delta torque, cure rate index, glass transition temperature and loss tangent of the NBR composites. Reduction of delta torque by Bio resulted in lower tensile modulus (M100) and higher elongation at break (EB) of composites. Hardness, swelling index and compression set were also higher with the incorporation of Bio. The effects of curing system were also prominent in which using CV cure system leads to higher M100 and hardness and lower EB and compression sets. Excellent aging properties are crucial as it predicts the properties of the composite during service. After accelerated aging, results revealed that the effects of curing systems were significant on the retention of M100 and compression set of NBR composites where the SEV cured composites showed the highest retention of M100 and the lower compression set values. NBR composite with Bio, using a semi-efficient curing system was found to have the best aging properties compared to other composites.

Keywords: Bio-based; curing system; nitrile rubber; physical properties; processing aid

ABSTRAK

Penyelidikan untuk membangunkan bantuan pemprosesan yang mapan dan mesra alam masih berterusan dalam usaha menggantikan bantuan pemprosesan konvensional berasaskan petroleum. Dalam kajian ini, kesan sistem pemprosesan berasaskan sawit (Bio) dan sistem pemvulkanan pada sifat fizikal komposit getah nitril (NBR) dinilai. Sistem pemvulkanan yang dikaji adalah sistem pemvulkanan konvensional (CV), separa cekap (SEV) dan cekap (EV). Tanpa mengira sistem pemvulkanan, penambahan Bio mengurangkan tork delta, indeks kadar pemvulkanan, suhu peralihan kaca dan kehilangan tangen komposit NBR. Pengurangan tork delta oleh Bio menghasilkan modulus tegangan (M100) yang rendah dan pemanjangan pada patahan (EB) yang lebih tinggi pada komposit. Kekerasan, indeks pembekakan dan set mampatan juga lebih tinggi dengan penggunaan Bio. Kesan sistem pemvulkanan juga ketara dengan menggunakan sistem pemvulkanan CV membawa kepada M100 dan kekerasan yang lebih tinggi dan EB serta set mampatan yang lebih rendah. Sifat penuaan yang sangat baik adalah penting kerana ia meramalkan ciri-ciri komposit semasa perkhidmatan. Selepas penuaan dipercepatkan, hasil menunjukkan bahawa kesan sistem pemvulkanan adalah ketara pada pengekalan M100 dan set mampatan komposit NBR dengan komposit SEV menunjukkan pengekalan M100 tertinggi dan nilai set mampatan lebih rendah. NBR komposit dengan Bio, menggunakan sistem pengawetan separa cekap didapati mempunyai sifat penuaan terbaik berbanding komposit lain.

Kata kunci: Bantuan pemprosesan; berasaskan Bio; getah nitril; pemvulkanan; sifat fizikal

RUJUKAN

Alam, M.M., Mina, M.F. & Akhtar, F. 2003. Swelling and hydration properties of acrylamide hydrogel in distilled water. Polymer - Plastics Technology and Engineering 42(4): 533-542.

Indrajati, I.N. & Dewi, I.R. 2017. Performance of maleated castor oil based plasticizer on rubber: Rheology and curing characteristic studies. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. Medan, Indonesia. p. 012001.

Ismail, H., Salmiah, I. & Tsukahara, Y. 1997. Palm oil fatty acid as an activator in carbon black filled natural rubber compounds: Effect of vulcanization system. Polymer International 44(4): 523-529.

Jayewardhana, W.G.D., Perera, G.M., Edirisinghe, D.G.  & Karunanayake. L. 2009. Study on natural oils as alternative processing aids and activators in carbon black filled natural rubber. Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka 37(3): 187-193.

Kinasih, N.A. & Fathurrohman, M.I. 2017. Effects of curing systems on mechanical properties and N-pentane resistance of carbon black filled natural rubber vulcanizates. Journal of Engineering and Science Research 1(2): 245-251.

Komethi, M., Othman, N., Ismail, H. & Sasidharan, S. 2012. Comparative study on natural antioxidant as an aging retardant for natural rubber vulcanizates. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 124(2): 1490-1500.

Kundu, P.P. 2000. Improvement of filler-rubber interaction by the coupling action of vegetable oil in carbon black reinforced rubber. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 75(6): 735-739.

Lee, S.Y. 2018. Palm based polymeric surfactants for improved latex film formation. In 9th Internal Rubber Glove Conference and Exhibition (IRGCE), Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre (KLCC). Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Li, J., Isayev, A.I., Ren, X. & Soucek, M.D. 2016. Toward replacement of petroleum oils by modified soybean oils in elastomers. Rubber Chemistry and Technology 89(4): 608-630.

Liu, J., Li, X., Xu, L. & Zhang, P. 2016. Investigation of aging behavior and mechanism of nitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) in the accelerated thermal aging environment. Polymer Testing 54: 59-66.

Mostafa, A., Abouel-Kasem, A., Bayoumi, M.R. & El-Sebaie, M.G. 2009. Effect of carbon black loading on the swelling and compression set behavior of SBR and NBR rubber compounds. Materials and Design 30(5): 1561-1568.

Nabil, H., Ismail, H. & Azura, A.R. 2014. Optimisation of accelerators and vulcanising systems on thermal stability of natural rubber/recycled ethylene-propylene-diene-monomer blends. Materials and Design 53: 651-661.

Nandanan, V., Joseph, R. & George, K.E. 1999. Rubber seed oil: A multipurpose additive in NR and SBR compounds. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 72(4): 487-492.

Pechurai, W., Chiangta, W. & Tharuen, P. 2015. Effect of vegetable oils as processing aids in SBR compounds. Macromolecular Symposia 354(1): 191-196.

Petrović, Z.S., Milić, J., Ionescu, M. & Halladay, J.R. 2017. Epdm rubber plasticized with polymeric soybean oil of different molecular weights. Rubber Chemistry and Technology 90(4): 667-682.

Petrović, Z.S., Ionescu, M., Milić, J. & Halladay, J.R. 2013. Soybean oil plasticizers as replacement of petroleum oil in rubber. Rubber Chemistry and Technology 86(2): 233-249.

Rahmah, M., Wan Zain, N., Shafie, N.A. & Norizan, M.N. 2013. Aromatic and epoxidised oil curing and rebound resilience characteristic and their humidity effect of hardness on NR vulcanizates. Advanced Materials Research 812(September): 138-144.

Raju, P., Nandanan, V.  & Kutty, S.K.N. 2007. A study on the use of castor oil as platicizer in natural rubber compounds. Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology 23(3): 169-180.

Rattanasom, N., Poonsuk, A. & Makmoon, T. 2005. Effect of curing system on the mechanical properties and heat aging resistance of natural rubber/tire tread reclaimed rubber blends. Polymer Testing 24(6): 728-732.

Siwarote, B., Sae-oui, P., Wirasate, S. & Suchiva, K. 2017. Effects of bio-based oils on processing properties and cure characteristics of silica-filled natural rubber compounds. Journal of Rubber Research 20(1): 1-19.

Surya, I., Ismail, H. & Azura, A.R. 2015. The effect of alkanolamide loading on properties of carbon black-filled natural rubber (SMR-L), epoxidised natural rubber (ENR), and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) compounds. Polymer Testing 42: 208-214.

Surya, I., Ismail, H. & Azura, A.R. 2013. Alkanolamide as an accelerator, filler-dispersant and a plasticizer in silica-filled natural rubber compounds. Polymer Testing 32(8): 1313-1321.

Wang, Z., Han, Y., Zhang, X., Huang, Z. & Zhang, L. 2013. Plasticization effect of transgenic soybean oil. i. on ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), as substitute for paraffin oil. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 130(6): 4457-4463.

Wang, Z., Peng, Y., Zhang, L., Zhao, Y., Vyzhimov, R., Tan, T. & Fong, H. 2016. Investigation of palm oil as green plasticizer on the processing and mechanical properties of ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 55(10): 2784-2789.

*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: haniafiffa@lgm.gov.my