Sains Malaysiana 50(10)(2021): 3153-3158

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2021-5010-26

A New Inland Record of the Bull Shark Carcharhinus leucas (Müller & Henle 1839) from Peninsular Malaysia

(Suatu Rekod Daratan Baru Jerung Lembu Carcharhinus leucas (Müller & Henle 1839) dari Semenanjung Malaysia)

VERYL HASAN¹*, DIAN SAMITRA², MAHENO S. WIDODO³ & PETER GAUSMANN⁴

¹Fisheries and Marine Faculty, Aquaculture Department, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia

²Biology Education, STKIP PGRI Lubuklinggau, Lubuklinggau, 31625, Indonesia

³Aquatic Resources Management Department, Fisheries and Marine Science Faculty, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, 65145, Indonesia

⁴Ruhr University of Bochum, Faculty of Geosciences, Department of Landscape Ecology and Biogeography, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany

Diserahkan: 20 Julai 2021/Diterima: 5 September 2021

ABSTRACT

A single specimen of a bull shark Carcharhinus leucas (Müller & Henle 1839) with c. 102 cm of total length was landed and photographed on 25 March 2019 in Sungai Mawai Lama, about 25 km inland, Kota Tinggi District, Johor, Peninsular Malaysia. This rare finding represents only the second record of C. leucas in inland Peninsular Malaysia. This shark was identified as C. leucas by the snout much shorter than the width of mouth and bluntly rounded, first dorsal fin triangular, rearward sloping, originating over or slightly behind pectoral insertion, second dorsal fin much smaller than the first dorsal fin (< 3.1:1), and lack of an interdorsal ridge. The coloration of fresh specimen: greyish back and white belly, the dark coloration on the tip of the caudal fins and second dorsal fin. This species is currently listed as a vulnerable species based on the IUCN Red List Status. Further study and monitoring are needed to assess the possibility of the importance of Sungai Mawai Lama as critical habitat of C. leucas.

Keywords: Biogeography; Carcharhinidae; elasmobranchs; freshwaters; requiem sharks

ABSTRAK

Satu spesimen tunggal daripada jerung lembu Carcharhinus leucas (Müller & Henle 1839) dengan panjang keseluruhan c. 102 cm telah mendarat dan difotograf pada 25 Mac 2019 di Sungai Mawai Lama, kira-kira 25 km ke daratan, Daerah Kota Tinggi, Johor, Semenanjung Malaysia. Penemuan yang jarang berlaku ini merupakan rekod kedua C. leucas di pedalaman Semenanjung Malaysia. Jerung ini dikenal pasti sebagai C. leucas melalui moncongnya yang jauh lebih pendek daripada lebar mulut dan bulat tumpul, sirip dorsal pertama segitiga, miring ke belakang, bermula dari atas atau sedikit di belakang sisipan sirip pektoral, sirip dorsal kedua jauh lebih kecil daripada sirip dorsal pertama (< 3.1: 1) dan kurang sisi intradorsal. Warna spesimen segar: belakang kelabu hitam dan perut putih, warna gelap di hujung sirip kauda dan sirip dorsal kedua. Spesies ini pada masa ini disenaraikan sebagai hampir terancam berdasarkan Status Senarai Merah IUCN. Kajian lanjut dan pemantauan diperlukan untuk menilai kemungkinan pentingnya Sungai Mawai Lama sebagai habitat C. leucas.

Kata kunci: Air tawar; biogeografi; Carcharhinidae; elasmobrankia; jerung requiem

RUJUKAN

Boeseman, M. 1964. Notes on the fishes of Western New Guinea III. The freshwater shark of Jamoer Lake. Zoologische Mededelingen 40(3): 9-22.

Booth, H., Muttaqin, E., Simeon, B., Ichsan, M., Siregar, U., Yulianto, I. & Kassem, K. 2018. Shark and Ray Conservation and Management in Indonesia: Status and Strategic Priorities 2018-2023. Wildlife Conservation Society. Bogor, Indonesia. p. 74.

Compagno, L.J.V. 2002. Freshwater and estuarine elasmobranch surveys in the Indo-Pacific Region: threats, distribution and speciation. In Elasmobranch Biodiversity, Conservation and Management: Proceedings of the International Seminar and Workshop, Sabah, Malaysia, July 1997, edited by Fowler, S.L., Reed, T.M. & Dipper, F.A. IUCN SSC Shark Specialist Group, Switzerland and Cambridge. pp. 185-193.

Compagno, L.J.V. 1998. Sharks. In Species ldentification Guide for Fishery Purposes. The living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific. Vol.2. Cephatopods, Crusfaceans, Holothurians, and Sharks, edited by Carpenter, K.E. & Niem, V.H. Rome:  FAO. pp. 1193-1366.

Compagno, L.J.V. 1984. FAO species catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world: An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 2. Carcharhiniformes. FAO Fisheries Synopsis 125(4): 251-655.

Compagno, L.J.V. & Cook, S.F. 1995. The exploitation and conservation of freshwater elasmobranchs: Status of taxa and prospects for the future. Journal of Agriculture and Aquatic Science 7: 62-90.

Compagno, L.J.V. & Niem, V.H. 1998. Carcharhinidae. Requiem Sharks. In Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. The Living Marine  Resources of the Western Central Pacific) Volume 2. Cephalopods, Crustaceans,  Holothurians and Sharks, edited by Carpenter, K.E. & Niem, V.H. Rome: FAO. pp. 1312-1360.

Compagno, L., Dando, M. & Fowler, S. 2005. A Field Guide to the Sharks of the World. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 368.

Davidson, L.N.K., Krawchuk, M.A. & Dulvy, N.K. 2016. Why have global shark and ray landings declined: Improved management or overfishing? Fish and Fisheries 17(2): 438-458.

Dulvy, N.K., Fowler, S.L., Musick, J.A., Cavanagh, R.D., Kyne, P.M., Harrison, L.R., Carlson, J.K., Davidson, L.N., Fordham, S.V., Francis, M.P., Pollock, C.M., Simpfendorfer, C.A., Burgess, G.H., Carpenter, K.E., Compagno, L.J.V., Ebert, D.A., Gibson, C., Heupel, M.R., Livingstone, S.R., Sanciangco, J.C., Stevens, J.D., Valenti, S. & White, W.T. 2014. Extinction risk and conservation of the world's sharks and rays. Elife 3: e00590.

Ebert, D., Fowler, S. & Compagno, L.J.V. 2013. Sharks of the World, A Fully Illustrated Guide. Plymouth: Wild Nature Press. p. 528.

Feitosa, L.M., Martins, A.P.B. & Nunes, J.L.S. 2016. New record of Carcharhinus leucas (Valenciennes, 1839) in an equatorial river system. Marine Biodiversity Records 9(87): 1-4. doi:10.1186/s41200-016-0094-6.

Gani, A., Nurjirana., Bakri, A.A., Adriany, D.T., Wuniarto, E., Khartiono, L.D., Satria, D.H., Hasan, V., Herjayanto, M., Burhanuddin, A.I., Moore, A.M. & Kobayashi, H. 2021. First record of Stiphodon annieae Keith & Hadiaty, 2015 (Teleostei, Oxudercidae) from Sulawesi Island, Indonesia. Check List 17(1): 261-267.

Gausmann, P. 2021. Synopsis of global fresh and brackish water occurrences of the bull shark (Carcharhinus leucas Valenciennes 1839, Carcharhinidae), with comments on distribution and habitat use. Integrative Systematics: Stuttgart Contributions to Natural History(in press).

Grant, M.I., Kyne, P.M., Simpfendorfer, C.A., White, W.T. & Chin, A. 2019. Categorising use patterns of non-marine environments by elasmobranchs and a review of their extinction risk. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 29: 689-710. doi:10.1007/s11160–019–09576–w.

Hasan, V. & Islam, I. 2020. First inland record of Bull shark Carcharhinus leucas (Müller & Henle, 1839) (Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae) in Celebes, Indonesia. Ecologica Montenegrina 38: 12-17. https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2020.38.3.

Hasan, V. & Widodo, M.S. 2020. Short Communication: The presence of Bull shark Carcharhinus leucas (Elasmobranchii: Carcharhinidae) in the fresh waters of Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21(9): 4433-4439. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d210962.

Hasan, V., Gausmann, P., Nafisyah, A.L., Isroni, W., Widodo, M.S., Islam, I. & Chaidir, R.R.A. 2021a. First record of Longnose marbled whipray Fluvitrygon oxyrhyncha (Sauvage, 1878) (Myliobatiformes: Dasyatidae) in Malaysian waters. Ecologica Montenegrina 40: 75-79. https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2021.40.6.

Hasan, V., Valen, F.S., Islamy, R.A., Widodo, M.S., Saptadjaja, A.M. & Islam, I. 2021b. Short Communication: Presence of the vulnerable freshwater goby Sicyopus auxilimentus (Gobiidae, Sicydiinae) on Sangihe Island, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22(2): 573-581. doi:10.13057/biodiv/d220208.

Heupel, M.R., Kanno, S., Martins, A.P.B. & Simpfendorfer, C.A. 2018. Advances in understanding the roles and benefits of nursery areas for elasmobranch populations. Marine and Freshwater Research 70(7): 897-907. https://doi.org/10.1071/MF18081.

Heupel, M.R., Carlson, J.R. & Simpfendorfer, C.A. 2007. Shark nursery areas: Concepts, definition, characterization and assumptions. Marine Ecology Progress Series 337: 287-297. doi:10.3354/meps337287.

Iqbal, M., Nurnawati, E., Setiawan, A., Dahlan, Z. & Yustian, I. 2019a: First photographic inland records of bull shark Carcharhinus leucas (Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae) in Sumatran waters, Indonesia. Ecologica Montenegrina 22: 171-176. https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2019.22.14.

Iqbal, M., Setiawan, M. & Yustian, I. 2019b. First inland record of bull shark Carcharhinus leucas (Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae) in Indonesian Borneo. Ecologica Montenegrina 24: 52-57. https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2019.24.9.

Kottelat, M. 2013. The fishes of the inland waters of Southeast Asia: A catalogue and core bibliography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters, mangroves and estuaries. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement 27: 1-663.

Last, P.R., White, W.T., Caira, J.N., Dharmadi, Fahmi, Jensen, K., Lim, A.P.K., Manjaji-Matsumoto, B.M., Naylor, G.J.P., Pogonoski, J.J., Stevens, J.D. & Yearsley, G.K. 2010. Sharks and Rays of Borneo. Collingwood: CSIRO. p. 298.

Pillans, R.D. 2006. The physiological ecology of the bull shark Carcharhinus leucas in the Brisbane River. PhD Thesis, School of Integrative Biology, University of Queensland (Unpublished).

Rigby, C.L., Espinoza, M., Derrick, D., Pacoureau, N. & Dicken, M. 2021. Carcharhinus leucas. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T39372A2910670. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T39372A2910670.en. (Accessed on 15 October 2021).

Simpfendorfer, C.A. & Burgess, G.H. 2003. Bull shark Carcharhinus leucas (Valenciennes, in Müller & Henle, 1839). In The Conservation Status of Australasian Chondrichthyans, edited by Cavanagh, R.D., Kyne, P.M., Fowler, S.L., Musick, J.A. & Bennett, M.B. Report of the IUCN Shark Specialist Group Australia and Oceania Regional Red List Workshop, The University of Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brisbane, Australia. pp. 113-114.

Simpfendorfer, C.A., Freitas, G.G., Tonya, R., Wiley, T.R. & Heupel, M.R. 2005. Distribution and habitat partitioning of immature bull sharks (Carcharhinus leucas) in a southwest Florida estuary. Estuaries and Coasts 28(1): 78-85. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02732755.

Snelson, F.F., Mulligan, T.J. & Williams, S.E. 1984. Food habits, occurrence, and population structure of the bull shark, Carcharhinus leucas in Florida coastal lagoons. Bulletin of Marine Science 34(1): 71-80.

Tan, H.H. & Lim, K.K.P. 1998. Freshwater elasmobranchs from the Batang Hari basin of Central Sumatra, Indonesia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 46: 425-429.

Werry, J.M., Lee, S.Y., Lemckert, C.J. & Otway, N.M. 2012. Natural or artificial? Habitat–use by the bull shark, Carcharhinus leucas. PLoS ONE 7(11): 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0049796.

Werry, J.M., Lee, S.Y., Otway, N.M., Hu, Y. & Sumpton, W. 2011. A multi-faceted approach for quantifying the estuarine-nearshore transition in the life cycle of the bull shark, Carcharhinus leucas. Marine and Freshwater Research 62(12): 1421-1431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/MF11136.

*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: veryl.hasan@fpk.unair.ac.id