Sains Malaysiana 51(10)(2022): 3495-3507

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2022-5110-30

Penilaian Kualiti Air Bawah Tanah di Kelantan dan Pahang, Malaysia

(Assessment of Groundwater Quality in Kelantan and Pahang, Malaysia)

WAN SYAIDATUL AQMA^1*, SUKIMAN SARMANI², AINON HAMZAH¹, MUHAMAD SAMUDI YASIR², SHAHIDAN RADIMAN², MOHD HARIRI ARIFIN³, KHOO KOK SIONG², FAIZAL MOHAMED² & IRMAN ABDUL RAHMAN²

¹Jabatan Sains Biologi dan Bioteknologi, Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

²Jabatan Fizik Gunaan, Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

³Jabatan Sains Bumi dan Alam Sekitar, Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

Diserahkan: 28 Februari 2022/Diterima: 3 Ogos 2022

Abstrak

Air bawah tanah yang menjadi sumber kegunaan domestik kepada pengguna memerlukan penilaian air bawah tanah bagi mengelakkan berlakunya isu kesihatan. Kajian ini dijalankan untuk menilai kualiti air telaga tiub dalam aspek kandungan logam berat, bahan radioaktif semula jadi (NORM) dan bakteria patogen di Kelantan dan Pahang, Malaysia. Hasil kajian ini menunjukkan kandungan Fe (90-42100 µg/L) dan Mn (3-478 µg/L) yang diperoleh adalah tinggi dan boleh menjejaskan kualiti air secara keseluruhan. Kandungan NORM yang terkandung dalam air telaga adalah 0.02-0.08 Bq/L bagi jumlah pengaktifan Alpha dan 0.02-0.15 Bq/L bagi jumlah pengaktifan beta, yang berada di bawah paras selamat yang telah ditetapkan oleh WHO. Kandungan NORM dalam sampel tanah adalah dalam julat 401-1348 Bq/kg untuk 40K, 19-175 Bq/kg untuk 232Th dan 28-318 Bq/kg untuk 238U yang boleh diterima di Malaysia. Anggaran dos sinaran tahunan adalah antara 52 µSv/tahun hingga 379 µSv/tahun dan berada dalam julat selamat untuk orang ramai. Kesemua sampel air dari Kelantan dan dua sampel air dari Pahang mengandungi bakteria enteropatogen terutamanya Escherichia coli dan Salmonella sp. yang melebihi piawaian Kualiti Air Kebangsaan. Boleh disimpulkan bahawa kualiti air bawah tanah selamat untuk digunakan semasa kecemasan, tetapi ia perlu dirawat sebelum diminum.

Kata kunci: Bahan radioaktif semula jadi (NORM); kualiti air bawah tanah; logam berat; patogen enterik; telaga tiub

Abstract

Groundwater which is a source of domestic use for consumers, requires an assessment to avoid health issues. This study was conducted to evaluate the water quality of tube wells in terms of heavy metal content, natural radioactive material (NORM) and pathogenic bacteria in Kelantan and Pahang, Malaysia. The results of this study showed that the content of Fe (90-42100 µg/L) and Mn (3-478 µg/L) obtained was high and can affect the overall water quality. The NORM content contained in the water is 0.02-0.08 Bq/L for total Alpha activation, and 0.02-0.15 Bq/L for total beta activation that is below the safe level set by WHO. The NORM content in soil samples is in the range of 401-1348 Bq/kg for 40K, 19-175 Bq/kg for 232Th, and 28-318 Bq/kg for 238U which are acceptable in Malaysia. Estimated annual radiation doses range from 52 µSv/year to 379 µSv/year, and are in the safe range for the general public. All water samples from Kelantan and two water samples from Pahang contained enteropathogenic bacteria especially Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. which exceeds National Water Quality Standards. It can be concluded that the quality of groundwater is safe to use during an emergency, but it should be treated before drinking.

Keywords: Enteric pathogens; groundwater quality; heavy metal; occurring radioactive materials (NORM); tube wells

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^*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: syaidatul@ukm.edu.my