Sains Malaysiana 51(6)(2022): 1697-1705

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2022-5106-08

Seed Dormancy Status of Tropical Weedy Rice Population in Malaysia

(Status Dorman Benih bagi Populasi Padi Angin Tropika di Malaysia)

AMALIA QISTINA ZULRUSHDI¹, NUR ARDIYANA REJAB^{1, 2} & MUHAMAD SHAKIRIN MISPAN^{1, 2,*}

¹Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory, Malaysia

²Center for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory, Malaysia

Diserahkan: 21 Mei 2021/Diterima: 8 November 2021

Abstract

Seed dormancy is a trait that promotes the survival of weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.) in the rice seed bank. Weedy rice displays different level of dormancy depending on several factors including genetic control. Determining seed dormancy status of weedy rice is crucial to understand adaptive mechanism of the weed in the rice agroecosystem especially in the tropic regions. To investigate the degree of seed dormancy of weedy rice, 66 weedy rice seed samples were collected from Selangor rice fields. The degree of seed dormancy was determined by standard germination test at 7, 14, 21, 42, 49, 56, 63, and 284 days after imbibition. The dormancy status of weedy rice after >200d in room temperature storage was compared. A total of 92.4% of weedy rice samples displayed a high degree of dormancy upon maturation. The germination rates of sampled weedy rice are divergent, indicating weedy rice in the tropical regions has variation in the degree of seed dormancy. The cumulative germination rate was gradually increased over time and reached total dormancy loss at 284 days after the initial imbibition. The germination rate of weedy rice after >280 days in dry storage displayed a bimodal distribution pattern, with 25.8% and 18.2% of sampled weedy rice showed a strong and weak seed dormancy, respectively. This study showed that weedy rice seeds in Malaysia displayed a high degree of seed dormancy and can retain their viability more than 200d once imbibed. This trait can enhance the survivability of weedy rice in the tropical rice agroecosystems.

Keywords: Seed bank; seed dormancy; seed longevity; tropical region; weedy rice

Abstrak

Kedormanan biji benih adalah sifat yang mendorong kelangsungan hidup padi angin (Oryza sativa L.) di dalam bank benih padi. Padi angin menunjukkan tahap kedormanan yang berbeza bergantung kepada beberapa faktor termasuk kawalan genetik. Penentuan status kedormanan benih padi angin adalah sangat penting untuk memahami mekanisme adaptasi padi angin di dalam agroekosistem padi terutama di kawasan tropika. Sebanyak 66 sampel benih padi angin telah dikumpulkan daripada sawah padi di Selangor bagi mengkaji tahap kedormanan benih padi angin. Tahap dormansi benih ditentukan oleh ujian percambahan piawai pada 7, 14, 21, 42, 49, 56, 63, dan 284 hari selepas pemedapan. Status kedormanan padi angin setelah > 200 hari berada pada penyimpanan suhu bilik dibandingkan. Sebanyak 92.4% sampel padi angin menunjukkan tahap kedormanan yang tinggi semasa padi matang. Kadar percambahan padi angin yang disampel adalah berbeza menunjukkan padi angin di kawasan tropika mempunyai variasi dalam tahap kedormanan biji benih. Kadar percambahan kumulatif secara beransur-ansur meningkat dari masa ke masa dan mencapai kehilangan kedormanan keseluruhan pada 284 hari setelah pemedapan awal. Kadar percambahan padi angin setelah > 280 hari di tempat penyimpanan kering menunjukkan corak taburan bimodal dengan 25.8% dan 18.2% padi angin yang disampel masing-masing menunjukkan dormansi biji yang kuat dan lemah. Kajian ini mendapati bahawa biji padi angin di Malaysia menunjukkan tahap kedormanan benih yang tinggi dan dapat mengekalkan daya hidupnya lebih dari 200 hari setelah dipedap. Sifat ini dapat meningkatkan kelangsungan hidup padi angin di dalam agroekosistem padi tropika.

Kata kunci: Bank benih; kawasan tropika; kedormanan benih; kelanjutan usia benih; padi angin

RUJUKAN

Baskin, C.C. & Baskin, J.M. 2014. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Second Edition. New York: Elsevier Inc. pp. 5-35.

Gu, X.Y., Foley, M.E., Horvath, D.P., Anderson, J.V., Feng, J., Zhang, L., Mowry, C.R., Ye, H., Suttle, J.C., Kadowaki, K.I. & Chen, Z. 2011. Association between seed dormancy and pericarp color is controlled by a pleiotropic gene that regulates abscisic acid and flavonoid synthesis in weedy red rice. Genetics 189(4): 1515-1524.

Gu, X.Y., Kianian, S.F. & Foley, M.E. 2006. Dormancy genes from weedy rice respond divergently to seed development environments. Genetics 172(2): 1199-1211.

Gu, X.Y., Kianian, S.F. & Foley, M.E. 2005. Phenotypic selection for dormancy introduced a set of adaptive haplotypes from weedy into cultivated rice. Genetics 171(2): 695-704.

Hang, N.T., Lin, Q., Liu, L., Liu, X., Liu, S., Wang, W., Li, L., He, N., Liu, Z., Jiang, L. & Wan, J. 2015. Mapping QTLs related to rice seed storability under natural and artificial aging storage conditions. Euphytica 203(3): 673-681.

Juraimi, A.S., Ahmad-Hamdani, M.S., Anuar, A.R., Azmi, M., Anwar, M.P. & Uddin, M.K. 2012. Effect of water regimes on germination of weeds in a Malaysian rice field. Australian Journal of Crop Sciences 6(4): 598-605.

Kapoor, N., Arya, A., Siddiqui, M.A., Kumar, H. & Amir, A. 2011. Physiologyical and biochemical changes during seed deterioration in aged seeds of rice (Oryza sativa L.). American Journal of Plant Physiology 6(1): 28-35.

Li, L., Lin, Q., Liu, S., Liu, X., Wang, W., Hang, N.T., Liu, F., Zhao, Z., Jiang, L. & Wan, J. 2012. Identification of quantitative trait loci for seed storability in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Plant Breeding 131(6): 739-743.

Mispan, M.S., Bzoor, M., Mahmod, I., MD-Akhir, A.H. & Zulrushdi, A. 2019. Managing weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Malaysia: Challenges and ways forward. Journal of Research in Weed Science 2(2): 149-167. 

Mispan, M.S., Zhang, L., Feng, J. & Gu, X.Y. 2013. Quantitative trait locus and haplotype analyses of wild and crop-mimic traits in U.S. weedy rice. G3: Genes Genomes Genetics 3(6): 1049-1059.

Noldin, J.A., Chandler, J.M. & McCauley, G.N. 2006. Seed longevity of red rice ecotypes buried in soil. Planta Daninha 24(4): 611-620.

Peters, J. 2000. Tetrazolium Testing Handbook: Contribution No. 29 to the Handbook on Seed Testing. Lincoln, NE, USA: Association of Official Seed Analysts.

Pipatpongpinyo, W., Korkmaz, U., Wu, H., Kena, A., Ye, H., Feng, J. & Gu, X.Y. 2020. Assembling seed dormancy genes into a system identified their effects on seedbank longevity in weedy rice. Heredity 124(1): 135-145.

SAS Institute. 2011 SAS/STAT 9.3 User’s Guide. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.

Sasaki, K., Takeuchi, Y., Miura, K., Yamaguchi, T., Ando, T., Ebitani, T., Higashitani, A., Yamaya, T., Yano, M. & Sato, T. 2015. Fine mapping of a major quantitative trait locus, qLG-9, that controls seed longevity in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Theoretical and Applied Genetics 128(4): 769-778.

Shigemune, A., Miura, K., Sasahara, H., Goto, A. & Yoshida, T. 2008. Role of maternal tissues in qLG-9 control of seed longevity in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Breeding Science 58(1): 1-5.

Siddique, S.B., Seshu, D.V. & Pardee, W.D. 1988. Rice cultivar variability in tolerance for accelerated aging of seed. IRRI Research Paper Series 131: 2-7.

Suh, H.S., Sato, Y.I. & Morishima, H. 1997. Genetic characterization of weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.) based on morphophysiology, isozymes and RAPD markers. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 94(3): 316-321.

Tseng, T.M., Burgos, N.R., Shivrain, V.K., Alcober, E.A. & Mauromoustakos, A. 2013. Inter- and intrapopulation variation in dormancy of Oryza sativa (weedy red rice) and allelic variation in dormancy-linked loci. Weed Research 53(6): 440-451.

Vaughan, D.A. 1994. The Wild Relatives of Rice: A Genetic Resources Handbook. Los Baños, Philippines: International Rice Research Institute. p. 137.

Walters, C., Wheeler, L.M. & Grotenhuis, J.M. 2005. Longevity of seeds stored in a genebank: Species characteristics. Seed Science Research 15(1): 1-20.

Xia, H.B., Xia, H., Ellstrand, N.C., Yang, C. & Lu, B.R. 2011. Rapid evolutionary divergence and ecotypic diversification of germination behavior in weedy rice populations. New Phytologist 191(4): 1119-1127.

Ye, H., Feng, J., Zhang, L., Zhang, J., Mispan, M.S., Cao, Z., Beighley, D.H., Yang, J. & Gu, X.Y. 2015. Map-based cloning of seed dormancy1-2 identified a gibberellin synthesis regulating the development of endosperm-imposed dormancy in rice. Plant Physiology 169(3): 2152-2165.

Zimdahl, R.L. 2018. Fundamentals of Weed Science. 5th ed. London: Academic Press. p. 110.

^*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: shakirin@um.edu.my