Sains Malaysiana 51(6)(2022): 1945-1955

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2022-5106-29

Determinants of COVID-19 Prevention Equipment Readiness in Families during Pandemic in Indonesia

(Penentu Kesediaan Peralatan Pencegahan COVID-19 dalam Keluarga semasa Pandemik di Indonesia)

Aditya Sukma Pawitra¹*, Khuliyah Candraning Diyanah¹, Mohd. Talib Latif^1,2, Zainul Amiruddin Zakaria³ & Salsabila Al Firdausi⁴

¹Environmental Health Department, Public Health Faculty, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia

²Faculty of Science and Technology Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

³Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

⁴Master of Environmental Health, Public Health Faculty, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia

Diserahkan: 23 Ogos 2021/Diterima: 9 Mei 2022

Abstract

Indonesia was the country with the second-highest case of COVID-19 in the South East Asia Region (SEAR) of the World Health Organization (WHO) data until August 1, 2021. As an infectious disease, the high level of COVID-19 rate transmission requires everyone always to prepare a prevention tools kit to minimize the risk of coronavirus exposure. This study aimed to analyze the determinant factors of readiness of the COVID-19 prevention tools kit. This study used a cross-sectional design with a mix-method technique because data collection and analysis combine quantitative and qualitative approaches in several phases of the research process. Data collected from 18 representative provinces in Indonesia with a total of respondents involved were 2,196 people. The Binary Logistic Regression tests were used to analyze the variable correlation. The multivariable analytic showed that the determinant factors with a significant correlation which affected the readiness of COVID-19 prevention tools kit in each family during pandemic in Indonesia were age 37-46 years old (p=0.000; odds ratio=8.039), female gender (p=0.000; odds ratio=8.653), self-employed jobs (p=0.028; odds ratio=2.239), income > 5 million per month (p=0.000; odds ratio=7.267), good knowledge (p=0.000; odds ratio=3.311), and good perception (p=0.001; odds ratio=2.015). The supply of tools and medicines to prevent COVID-19 is indispensable during the pandemic to protect against COVID-19 infection. Masks and hand sanitizers become the main kits most individuals have, especially when doing outside home activities. At the same time, the oximeter becomes the least kit in the family. This preparation also teaches citizens to practice a healthy lifestyle. Cross-sector coordination is needed to improve public awareness of COVID-19 prevention equipment.

Keywords: COVID-19 prevention kit; family readiness; infectious diseases; mix-method

Abstrak

Indonesia adalah negara dengan kes COVID-19 tertinggi kedua di Wilayah Asia Tenggara (SEAR) mengikut data oleh Pertubuhan Kesihatan Sedunia (WHO) sehingga 1 Ogos 2021. Sebagai penyakit berjangkit, tahap jangakitan tinggi COVID-19 memerlukan setiap orang untuk selalu menyediakan alat pencegahan untuk mengurangkan risiko pendedahan coronavirus. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor penentu kesediaan kit alat pencegahan COVID-19. Kajian ini menggunakan reka bentuk keratan rentas dengan teknik kaedah campuran. Data yang dikumpulkan daripada 18 wilayah perwakilan di Indonesia dengan jumlah responden yang terlibat adalah 2,196 orang. Ujian Regresi Logistik Binari digunakan untuk menganalisis korelasi pemboleh ubah. Statistik analitik menunjukkan faktor penentu dengan korelasi yang signifikan yang mempengaruhi kesediaan kit alat pencegahan COVID-19 dalam setiap keluarga semasa pandemik di Indonesia berumur 37-46 tahun (p = 0.000; odds ratio = 8.039), jantina wanita (p = 0.000; odds ratio = 8.653), pekerjaan mandiri (p = 0.028; odds ratio = 2.239), pendapatan> 5 juta sebulan (p = 0.000; odds ratio = 7.267), pengetahuan yang baik (p = 0.000 ; odds ratio = 3.311) dan persepsi yang baik (p = 0.001; odds ratio = 2.015). Pembekalan alat dan ubat-ubatan untuk mencegah COVID-19 sangat diperlukan semasa pandemik untuk melindungi daripada jangkitan COVID-19. Penutup muka dan pembersih tangan menjadi alat utama yang dimiliki kebanyakan individu, terutama ketika melakukan aktiviti di luar rumah. Pada masa yang sama, oksimeter menjadi kit paling sedikit dalam keluarga. Persediaan ini juga mengajar warga untuk mengamalkan gaya hidup sihat. Penyelarasan rentas sektor diperlukan untuk meningkatkan kesediaan orang ramai daripada segi peralatan pencegahan COVID-19.

Kata kunci: Kaedah campuran; kesediaan keluarga; kit pencegahan COVID-19; penyakit berjangkit

RUJUKAN

Abboah-Offei, M., Salifu, Y., Adewale, B., Bayuo, J., Ofosu-Poku, R. & Opare-Lokko, E. 2021. A rapid review of the use of face mask in preventing the spread of COVID-19. International Journal of Nursing Studies Advances 3: 100013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnsa.2020.100013.

Adhena, G. & Hidru, H. 2020. Knowledge, attitude, and practice of high-risk age groups to coronavirus disease-19 prevention and control in Korem District, Tigray, Ethiopia: Cross-sectional study. Infection and Drug Resistance 13: 3801-3809. https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S275168.

Ahmad, M., Iram, K. & Jabeen, G. 2020. Perception-based influence factors of intention to adopt COVID-19 epidemic prevention in China. Environmental Research 190: 109995. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109995.

Alshammari, T.M., Altebainawi, A.F. & Alenzi, K.A. 2020. Importance of early precautionary actions in avoiding the spread of COVID-19: Saudi Arabia as an example. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal 28(7): 898-902. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2020.05.005.

Amato, F., Castiglione, A., Mercorio, F., Mezzanzanica, M., Moscato,V., Picariello, A. & Sperlì, G. 2018. Multimedia story creation on social networks. Future Generation Computer Systems 86: 412-420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2018.04.006.

Amsalu, B., Guta, A., Seyoum, Z., Kassie, N., Sema, A., Dejene, W., Woldemedhen, Y.F., Kasahun, M., Sintayehu, Y. & Belay, Y. 2021. Practice of COVID-19 prevention measures and associated factors among residents of dire DAWA City, Eastern Ethiopia: Community-Based Study. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare 14: 219-228. https://doi.org/10.2147/JMDH.S292409.

Azizah, R., Martini, S., Sulistyorini, L., Mahmudah, Pawitra, A.S., Budijanto, D., Nagari, S., Fitrahanjani, C., Ramadhani, F. & Thalib, M.L. 2021. Association between climatic conditions, population density and COVID-19 in Indonesia. Sains Malaysiana 50(3): 879-887. https://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2021-5003-28.

Berlin, D.A., Gulick, R.M. & Martinez, F.J. 2020. Severe COVID-19. New England Journal of Medicine 383(25): 2451-2460. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmcp2009575.

Callaghan, T., Lueck, J.A., Trujillo, K.L. & Ferdinand, A.O. 2021. Rural and urban differences in COVID-19 prevention behaviors. Journal of Rural Health 37(2): 287-295. https://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12556.

Castro-Sánchez, E., Alexander, C.M., Atchison, C., Patel, D., Leung, W., Calamita, M.E., Meno Garcia, D., Cimpeanu, C., Mumbwatasai, J.M., Ramid, D., Doherty, K., Grewal, H.S., Otter, J.A. & Wells, E.M. 2021. Evaluation of a personal protective equipment support programme for staff during the COVID-19 pandemic in London. Journal of Hospital Infection 109: 68-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2020.12.004.

Cavalcante-Leão, B.L., de Araujo, C.M., Basso, I.B., De liga Schroder, A.G., Guariza-Filho, O., Ravazzi, G.C., Gonçalves, F.M., Zeigelboim, B.S., Santos, R.S. & Stechman-Neto, J. 2021. Is there scientific evidence of the mouthwashes effectiveness in reducing viral load in COVID-19? A systematic review. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry 13(2): 179-189. https://doi.org/10.4317/JCED.57406.

CDC. 2021. Guidance for Unvaccinated People. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/prevention.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcoronavirus%2F2019-ncov%2Fprevent-getting-sick%2Fprotect-your-home.html.

Central Bureau of Statistics. 2019. Badan Pusat Statistik Luas Daerah dan Jumlah Pulau. https://www.bps.go.id/indikator/indikator/view_data_pub/0000/api_pub/UFpWMmJZOVZlZTJnc1pXaHhDV1hPQT09/da_01/1.

Chen, X. & Chen, H. 2020. Differences in preventive behaviors of COVID-19 between urban and rural residents: Lessons learned from a cross-sectional study in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17(12): 4437. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124437.

Clarisa, L.P., Nancy, S.H. & Marsella D.A. 2021. Gambaran kecukupan vitamin larut air pada mahasiswa semester VI di Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat Universitas Sam Ratulangi Manado selama masa pandemik COVID-19. Jurnal KESMAS 10(2): 26-34.

Córdova, A. & Latasa, I. 2020. Respiratory flows as a method for safely preventing the coronavirus transmission (COVID-19). Apunts Sports Medicine 55(206): 81-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apunsm.2020.05.001.

Delikhoon, M., Guzman, M.I., Nabizadeh, R. & Baghani, A.N. 2021. Modes of transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (Sars-Cov-2) and factors influencing on the airborne transmission: A review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18(2): 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020395.

Djalante, R., Lassa, J., Setiamarga, D., Sudjatma, A., Indrawan, M., Haryanto, B., Mahfud, C., Sinapoy, M.S., Djalante, S., Rafliana, I., Gunawan, L.A., Ketut Surtiari, G.A. & Warsilah, H. 2020. Review and analysis of current responses to COVID-19 in Indonesia: Period of January to March 2020. Progress in Disaster Science  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdisas.2020.100091.

Ejeh, F.E., Owoicho, S., Saleh, A.S., Madukaji, L. & Okon, K.O. 2021. Factors associated with preventive behaviors, anxiety among healthcare workers and response preparedness against COVID-19 outbreak: A one health approach. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health 10(November 2020): 100671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2020.11.004.

Fakhira, A.D., Pawitra, A.S., Diyanah, K.C., Wikurendra, E.A., Nagy, I. & Abdeljawad, N.S.M. 2021. Awareness of doing 3M (wearing mask, physical distancing, washing hands) during pandemic era in rural and urban families. Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan 13(2): 94. https://doi.org/10.20473/jkl.v13i2.2021.94-101.

Gelder, M.M.H.J.V., Bretveld, R.W. & Roeleveld, N. 2010. Web-based questionnaires: The future in epidemiology? American Journal of Epidemiology 172(11): 1292-1298. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwq291.

Hossain, M.B., Alam, M.Z., Islam, M.S., Sultan, S., Faysal, M.M., Rima, S., Hossain, M.A. 2020. Do knowledge and attitudes matter for preventive behavioral practices toward the COVID-19? A cross-sectional online survey among the adult population in Bangladesh. Heliyon 6(12): e05799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05799.

He, S., Chen, S., Kong, L. & Liu, W. 2020. Analysis of risk perceptions and related factors concerning COVID‑19. Journal of Community Health 46(2): 278-285. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-020-00870-4.

Johansson, M.A., Quandelacy, T.M., Kada, S., Prasad, P.V., Steele, M., Brooks, J.T., Slayton, R.B., Biggerstaff, M. & Butler, J.C. 2021. SARS-CoV-2 transmission from people without COVID-19 symptoms. JAMA Network Open 4(1): 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.35057.

Keputusan Presiden Republik Indonesia. 1987. Keputusan presiden Republik Indonesia nomor 41 tahun 1987 tentang pembagian wilayah Republik Indonesia menjadi 3 (tiga) wilayah waktu.

MacIntyre, C.R. & Chughtai, A.A. 2020. A rapid systematic review of the efficacy of face masks and respirators against coronaviruses and other respiratory transmissible viruses for the community, healthcare workers and sick patients. International Journal of Nursing Studies 108: 103629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103629.

Manigandan, S., Wu, M.T., Ponnusamy, V.K., Raghavendra, V.B., Pugazhendhi, A. & Brindhadevi, K. 2020. A systematic review on recent trends in transmission, diagnosis, prevention and imaging features of COVID-19. Process Biochemistry 98(August): 233-240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2020.08.016.

Michard, F., Shelley, K. & L’Her, E. 2021. COVID-19: Pulse oximeters in the spotlight. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 35(1): 11-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10877-020-00550-7.

Moosavi, M.S., Aminishakib, P. & Ansari, M. 2020. Antiviral mouthwashes: Possible benefit for COVID-19 with evidence-based approach. Journal of Oral Microbiology 12(1): 179436. https://doi.org/10.1080/20002297.2020.1794363.

Muhyiddin, M. & Nugroho, H. 2021. A year of COVID-19: A long road to recovery and acceleration of Indonesia’s development. Jurnal Perencanaan Pembangunan: The Indonesian Journal of Development Planning 5(1)(1): 1-19. https://doi.org/10.36574/jpp.v5i1.

Muslih, M., Susanti, H.D., Rias, Y.A. & Chung, M.H. 2021. Knowledge, attitude, and practice of indonesian residents toward COVID-19: A cross-sectional survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18(9): 4473. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094473.

NHS. 2021. Pulse oximetry to detect early deterioration of patients with COVID-19 in primary and community care settings. https://www.england.nhs.uk/coronavirus/wp-content/uploads/sites/52/2020/06/C0445-remote-monitoring-in-primary-care-jan-2021-v1.1.pdf.

Pradhan, D., Biswasroy, P., Naik, P.K., Ghosh, G. & Rath, G. 2020. A review of current interventions for COVID-19 prevention. Archives of Medical Research 51(5): 363-374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.04.020.

Rana, I.A., Bhatti, S.S., Aslam, A.B., Jamshed, A., Ahmad, J. & Shah, A.A. 2021. COVID-19 risk perception and coping mechanisms: Does gender make a difference? International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 55: 102096. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102096.

Reuben, R.C., Danladi, M.M., Saleh, D.A. & Ejembi, P. 2021. Knowledge, attitudes and practices towards COVID-19: An epidemiological survey in North-Central Nigeria. Journal of Community Health 46(3): 457-470. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-020-00881-1.

Setiati, S. & Azwar, M. 2020. COVID-19 and Indonesia. Acta Med. Indones-Indones J. Intern. Med. 52(1): 84-89.

Shakoor, H., Feehan, J., Al Dhaheri, A.S., Ali, H.I., Platat, C., Ismail, L.C., Apostolopoulos, V.,  & Stojanovska, L. 2021a. Immune-boosting role of vitamins D, C, E, zinc, selenium and omega-3 fatty acids: Could they help against COVID-19? Maturitas 143(July 2020): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.08.003.

Shakoor, H., Feehan, J., Mikkelsen, K., Al Dhaheri, A.S., Ali, H.I., Platat, C., Ismail, L.C., Stojanovska, L. & Apostolopoulos, V. 2021b. Be well: A potential role for vitamin B in COVID-19. Maturitas 144: 108-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.08.007.

Starr, N., Rebollo, D., Asemu, Y.M., Akalu, L., Ali Mohammed, H., Woldeyohannes Menchamo, M., Melese, E., Bitew, S., Wilson, I., Tadesse, M. & Weiser, T.G. 2020. Pulse oximetry in low-resource settings during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet Global Health 8(9): e1121-1122. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30287-4.

The Indonesian Task Force on Handling COVID-19 Indonesia. 2021. Tas Siaga Covid-19 - Masyarakat Umum _ Covid19. 2021. https://covid19.go.id/edukasi/masyarakat-umum/tas-siaga-covid-19.

World Health Organization (WHO). 2020a. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): How is it transmitted? Q&A Detail.

World Health Organization (WHO). 2020b. COVID-19 Weekly Situation Report. World Health Organization (WHO) 43 : 1-8.

WHO-SEAR. 2021. 5 Steps for Managing Patients with COVID-19 at Home for Public. 2021. https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/searo/whe/coronavirus19/page-revamp/managing-patient-5steps-public.pdf?sfvrsn=5c461d19_5.

WHO. 2021. Indonesia: WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard with Vaccination Data | WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard with Vaccination Data. 2021. https://covid19.who.int/region/searo/country/id.

Zhan, J., Liu, Q.S., Sun, Z., Zhou, Q., Hu, L., Qu, G., Zhang, J., Zhao, B. & Jiang, G. 2020. Environmental impacts on the transmission and evolution of COVID-19 combing the knowledge of pathogenic respiratory coronaviruses. Environmental Pollution 267: 115621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115621.

^*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: aditya.pawitra@fkm.unair.ac.id