 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
Sains Malaysiana
37(4): 307-312(2008) Taburan
Sterol dalam Sedimen di Sungai Sepang Besar, Selangor (Sterol
Distribution in Sediment of Sungai Sepang, Selangor) Aminah Mag Piah, Masni Mohd Ali dan Che Abd. Rahim Mohamed Pusat Pengajian Sains Sekitaran dan Sumber Alam Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia Mohamad Pauzi Zakaria Jabatan Sains Alam Sekitar, Fakulti Pengajian Alam Sekitar Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang Selangor, Malaysia Diserahkan: 1 April 2007 / Diterima: 3 April 2008 ABSTRAK Kajian taburan sterol
di Sungai Sepang Besar telah dijalankan pada 17 September 2005
dan 20 Disember 2005. Sampel sedimen telah diambil dengan menggunakan
pensampel cekau dari 12 stesen untuk menentukan sumber-sumber yang
berbeza bagi sterol dan untuk menentukan aras pencemaran bahan kumbahan
di sungai tersebut. Kromatografi Gas-Spektrometri Jisim telah digunakan
untuk menganalisis data. Hasil yang diperolehi menunjukkan kawasan
Sungai Sepang Besar didominasi oleh kolesterol, β-sitosterol
dan stigmasterol, manakala kawasan laut didominasi oleh ergosterol.
Secara keseluruhan, Sungai Sepang Besar diklasifikasikan sebagai
tercemar dengan kumbahan berdasarkan nisbah coprostanol/kolesterol
yang diperolehi. Kata kunci: Coprostanol;
kolesterol; sterol; Sungai Sepang ABSTRACT A study of sterol distribution in Sungai Sepang Besar
was carried out on 17th September 2005 and 20th
December 2005. Sediment samples were collected from 12 stations
using grab sampler to determine the sources of sterol and the level
of sewage contamination. Sterols were analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass
Spectrometry. The results obtained showed that cholesterol and terrestrial
plants (β-sitosterol and stigmasterol) dominated Sungai Sepang Besar
while coastal areas were dominated by ergosterol. It is concluded
that Sungai Sepang Besar was polluted with sewage based on coprostanol/cholesterol
ratios. Keywords:
Cholesterol; coprostanol; sterol; Sungai Sepang REFERENCES/Rujukan Battilani, P., Chiusa, G.,
Cervi, C., Trevisan, M. & Ghebbioni, C. 1996. Fungal growth and
ergosterol content in tomato fruits infected by fungi. Journal of Food Science 4:
283-290. Bull, I. D., Lockheart,
M.J., Elhmmali, M.M, Roberts, D.J & Evershed, R.P. 2002. The
origin of faeces by means of biomarker detection.
Environment International 27: 647-654. Canuel, E.A. 2001. Relations
between river flow, primary production and fatty acid composition
of particulate organic matter in San Francisco and Chesapeake Bays:
A multivariate approach. Organic
Geochemistry 32: 563-583. Ebrahimzadeh, H., Niknam,
V. & Maassoumi, A.A. 2001. The sterols of Astragalus species from Iran : GLC separation and quantification. Biochemistry System Ecology 29: 393-404. González-Oreja, J.A. &
Saiz-Salinas, J.L. 1998. Short-term spatio-temporal changes
in urban pollution by means of faecal sterols analysis. Marine
Pollution Bulletin 36: 868-875. Grimalt, J.O., Fernandel,
P., Bayona, J.M. & Albaiges, J. 1990. Assessment of fecal sterols
and ketones as indicators of urban sewage inputs into coastal waters. Environmental Science and Technology 24:
357-363. Grimalt, J.O. & Olive,
J. 1993. Source input elucidation in aquatic systems by factor and
principal component analysis of molecular marker data. Analysis Chimica Acta 278: 159-176. Hudson, E.D., Parrish, C.C.
& Helleur, R.J. 2001. Biogeochemistry of sterols in plankton, settling particles and recent
sediments in a cold ocean ecosystem
(Trinity Bay, Newfoundland). Marine Chemistry 76: 253-270. Ibanez, E., Borrós, S. &
Comellas, L. 2000. Quantification of sterols 5β-cholestan-3β-ol
and 5β-stanols in sewage sludge. Manure and soils amended with
these both potential fertilizers. Analysis
Chemistry 366: 102-105. Isobe, K.O., Tarao, M.,
Zakaria, M.P., Chiem, N.H., Minh, L.Y. & Takada, H. 2002. Quantitative
application of fecal sterols using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
to investigate fecal pollution in tropical waters: Western Malaysia
and Mekong delta, Vietnam. Environmental
Science and Technology 36(21): 4497-4507. Knights, B.A. & Berrie,
A.M.M. 1971. Chemosystematics: Seed steroids in the Cruciferae.
Phytochemistry 10: 131-139. Mai, B., Qi, S., Zeng, E.Y.,
Yang, Q., Zhang, G., Fu, J., Sheng, G., Peng, P. & Wang, Z.
2003. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the coastal
region off Macao, China: assessment
of input sources and transport pathways using compositional analysis.
Environmental Science and
Technology 37: 4855-4863. Maldonado, C., Ventkatesan,
M.I., Philips, C.R. & Bayona, J.M. 2000. Distribution of trialkylamines
and coprostanol in San Pedro Shelf sediments adjacent to a sewage
outfall. Marine Pollution Bulletin 40: 680-687.
Mudge, S.M. & Bebianno,
M.J. 1997. Sewage contamination following an accidental spillage
in the Ria Formosa, Portugal. Marine
Pollution Bulletin 34: 163-170. Mudge, S.M. & Norris,
C.E. 1997. Lipid biomarkers in the Conway Estuary (North Wales,
U.K): a comparison between fatty alcohols and sterols.Marine Chemistry 57:61-84. Mudge, S.M. & Seguel,
C.G. 1999. Organic contamination of San Vicente Bay, Chile. Marine Pollution Bulletin 38: 1011-1021. Mudge, S.M., Bebianno, M.J.A.F.,
East, J.A. & Barreira, L.A. 1999. Sterols in the Ria Formosa
Lagoon , Portugal. Water Research
33(4): 1038-1048. Mudge, S.M. & Duce,
C.E. 2005. Identifying the
source, transport path sinks of sewage derived organic
matter. Environmental Pollution
136: 209-220. Nichols, P.D. & Espey,
Q.I. 1991. Characterisation of organic matter at the air-sea interface,
in subsurface water and in bottom sediments near Malabar sewage
outfall in Sydney’s coastal region. Australian
Journal of Marine & Freshwater Research 42: 327-348. Peng, Z., Zhang, G., Mai,
B., Min, Y. & Wang, Z. 2002. Spatial and temporal trend of sewage
pollution indicated by coprostanol in Macao Estuary, southern China. Marine
Pollution Bulletin 45
: 295-299. Quéméneur, M. & Marty,
Y. 1992. Sewage influence in a macrotidal estuary : Fatty acid and sterol distribution. Estuarine Coastal & Shelf Science 34:
347-363. Rütters, H., Sass, H., Cypionka,
H. & Rullkötter, J. 2002. Microbial communities in a Wadden
Sea sediment core – clues from analysis of intact glyceride lipids
and released fatty acids. Organic
Geochemistry 33: 803-816. Saliot, A., Laureillard,
J., Scribe, P. & Sicre, M.A. 1991. Evalutionary trends in the
lipid biomarkers approach
for investigating the biogeochemistry of
organic matter in the marine environment. Marine
Chemistry 36: 233-248. Volkman, J.K. 1986. A review
of sterol markers for marine and terrigenous organic matter. Organic Geochemistry 9(2): 83-99. Volkman, J.K., Rohjans,
D., Rullkötter, J., Scholz-Böttcher, B.M. & Liebezeit, G. 2000.
Sources and diagenesis of organic matter in tidal flat sediments
from the German Wadden Sea. Continental Shelf Research 20: 1139-1158.
|
|||
|
