Sains Malaysiana 37(4): 341-350(2008)

 

Komposisi Unsur-Unsur Utama dan Logam Berat dalam

Tanih di Sekitar Bukit Batu Kapur di Perlis

(Major Elements and Heavy Metals Composition of Soils Surrounding

Limestone Hills in Perlis)

 

 

Sahibin Abd. Rahim, Zulfahmi Ali Rahman, Muhd Barzani Gasim,

Wan Mohd Razi Idris & Mohamad Md. Tan

Pusat Pengajian Sains Sekitaran dan Sumber Alam

Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

Diserahkan:  29 Januari 2007 / Diterima:  1 Februari 2008 

 

ABSTRAK

Sebanyak 16 sampel tanih atas dari Bukit Jernih, Gua Kelam dan Bukit Merah telah dianalisis bagi menentukan komposisi unsur utama dan logam berat serta beberapa sifat fiziko-kimianya.  Unsur-unsur utama yang ditentukan adalah SiO2, TiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MnO, MgO, CaO, Na2O, K2O, P2O5, manakala logam berat ialah As, Co, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb dan Zn. Sifat fiziko-kimia yang ditentukan adalah peratus bahan organik, kandungan lempung, lodak dan pasir, pH dan kekonduksian elektrik tanih. Keputusan analisis menunjukkan purata pH di tanih batu kapur adalah 6.38 hingga 6.93, manakala purata nilai pH tanih kuarzit adalah 6.23. Purata kekonduksian elektrik di ketiga-tiga kawasan kajian berada di bawah aras 1.7 mS/cm. Purata kandungan bahan organik paling tinggi ditunjukkan oleh sampel Bukit Jernih (7.45%), diikuti oleh Gua Kelam (5.21%) dan Bukit Merah (3.31%). Tanih di Bukit Jernih dan Gua Kelam menunjukkan tekstur lempung dengan kandungannya yang melebihi 35%, manakala tanih di Bukit Merah lebih mempunyai tekstur pasir dengan purata kandungannya melebihi 67%.  Secara amnya, sampel tanih batu kapur iaitu dari Bukit Jernih dan Gua Kelam mencatatkan purata kepekatan logam berat yang tinggi berbanding tanih kuarzit daripada Bukit Merah. Unsur Cr dan Co di Bukit Jernih mempunyai purata kepekatan masing-masing 413 µg/g dan 88 µg/g, manakala di Gua Kelam purata kepekatannya adalah 152 µg/g dan 76 µg/g. Purata kepekatan ini telah melebihi aras yang berpotensi toksik di dalam tanih. Kandungan unsur utama yang penting adalah unsur SiO2 diikuti oleh Al2O3 dan Fe2O3. Kandungan SiO2 dalam tanih kuarzit dari Bukit Merah (89.45%) adalah lebih tinggi berbanding tanih batu kapur dari Bukit Jernih (59.74%) dan Gua Kelam (53.16%). Bagaimanapun kandungan Al2O3 dan Fe2O3 dalam tanih batukapur adalah lebih tinggi berbanding tanih kuarzit. Peratus bahan mudah terbakar dalam tanih batu kapur dua kali ganda lebih tinggi berbanding tanih kuarzit. Unsur-unsur utama yang lain bernilai kurang daripada 2.5%. Hasil kajian ini menunjukkan pengayaan unsur-unsur Cr, Zn, Pb, Ni dan Cu dipengaruhi oleh kehadiran unsur utama khususnya SiO2, Al2O3, dan Fe2O3.

 

Kata kunci: Bukit batu kapur; ketoksikan; logam berat; pengayaan; unsur utama 

ABSTRACT

Sixteen topsoil samples from Bukit Jernih, Gua Kelam and Bukit Merah were analysed  for their major elements and heavy metal composition, together with several physico-chemical parameters. Major elements determined were SiO2, TiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MnO, MgO, CaO, Na2O, K2O, P2O5, whereas heavy metals determined were As, Co, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn. Physico-chemical parameters determined were percentage of organic matter, clay, silt and sand composition, pH and electrical conductivity. The results showed that the average of soil pH in limestone soil was between 6.38 to 6.93, whereas average of soil pH in quartzite soil was 6.23. The average of soil electrical conductivity for all sampling stations was below 1.7 mScm-1. High organic matter content average was shown in soil samples from Bukit Jernih (7.45%), followed by Gua Kelam (5.21%) and Bukit Merah (3.31%). Soil samples from Bukit Jernih and Gua Kelam showed a clayey texture with more than 35% clay content, whereas soil from Bukit Merah was sandy in texture with more than 67% sand content. In general, soil samples from limestone area of Bukit Jernih and Gua Kelam recorded higher content of heavy metals compared to quartzite soil from Bukit Merah.. The average concentration of Cr and Co at Bukit Jernih at 413 µg/g and 88 µg/g, respectively, whereas the concentration at Gua Kelam was 152 µg/g dan 76 µg/g. These concentrations exceeded the potential toxic concentration in soil. The main major elements  were SiO2 followed by Al2O3 and Fe2O3. SiO2 content in quartzite soil from Bukit Merah (89.45%) was higher compared to limestone soil from Bukit Jernih (59.74%) and Gua Kelam (53.16%). Nevertheless, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 content in limestone soil was higher compared to its content in quartzite soils. The percentage of easily ignited content in limestone soil was two fold higher than its content in quartzite soil. Other major elements content were less than 2.5%. The study showed that enrichment of Cr, Zn, Pb, Ni and Cu in soil was influenced by the presence of SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3.

 Keywords:  Limestones hill; toxocoty; heavy metals; enrichment major elements

 

REFERENCES/RUJUKAN

 

Abdulla, H.H. 1966. A study of the development of podzol profiles in Dovey Forest. Ph.D. Thesis,University of Wales.

Acres, B.D, Bower, R.P, Burrough, P.A, Folland, C.J. Kalsi, M.S, Thomas, P. & Wright, P.S. 1975.  Land resources division: The soils of Sabah volume classification and description (With an Introduction to Volumes 1-5).  Land Resource Study 20, England.

Alloway, b.J. 1995.  Heavy metals in soils. London: Blackie Academic and Profesional.

Azimah Hussin & Mohammad Md. Tan. 2001. Batu kapur Formasi Chuping dan batu kapur Monsal Dale: Petrografi dan geokimia unsur major dua sumber karbonat bagi simen Portland. Proceedings of  Geological Society of Malaysia. Pp. 47-51.

Brady, N.C. &Weil, R.R. 2000.  Elements of the Nature and  Properties of Soils. 12th ed. New Jersey: Upper Saddle River.De Jongh, W.K. 1973. X‑ray Fluorescence analysis applying theoreticalmatrix corrections.  StainlessSteel.  X-Ray Spectrometry 2: 151-158.

De Jongh, W .K. 1979. The atomic number Z=O: Loss and gain on Ignition in XRF analysis treated by the JN‑equation. X-Ray Spectrometry 8: 52-56.Jimi Azhar Budin. 2004. Geokimia kawasan Bukit Guar Senai, Beseri, Perlis. Latihan Ilmiah SmSn(UKM).

Jones, C.R. 1981. Geology and mineral resources of Perlis, North Kedah and the Langkawi islands. Geo. Surv. Mal. Dist. Mem. 17: 257 pp.

Kabata-Pendias, A. & Pendias, H. 2001. Trace elements in soil and plants. Ed. 3rd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press.

Massey, D.M. & Windsor, G.W. 1967. Rep. Glasshouse Crops Res. Inst., 72.

Metson, A.J. 1956. Methods of chemical analysis for soil survey samples. Bull. N.Z. Dept. Scient. Ind Res. No. 12.

Norrish, K. &  Hutton, J.T. 1969. An accurate X-Ray spectrographic method for the analysis of a wide range of geological samples. Geochim. et Cosmochima Acta. 33:431-453.

Othman, Y. & Shamshuddin, J. 1982. Sains tanah. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.

Sahibin, A.R. & Mohamad, M.T. 1998. Komposisi unsur major dan surih dalam beberapa sampel tanah atas Pulau Langkawi. Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, 4(1): 81-90.

Tan Choon Yang. 1994. Penentuan komposisi unsur major dan surih di dalam tanah di Pulau Langkawi, Kedah. Tesis SmSn, UKM.

 

 
previous